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PublicationArticle Influence of sowing dates and weed management on weed growth and nutrients depletion by weeds and uptake by chickpea (Cicer arietinum) under rainfed condition(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2014) R.P. Singh; K.S. Verma; R.K. Singh; K.L. IdnaniA field experiment was conducted at BHU, Varanasi during rabi season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 to find out effect of sowing dates and weed management on weed growth, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake by weeds and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed conditions. The results revealed that early sowing (10 November) significantly reduced the weed density and its dry matter. Among different weed management treatments, sequential application of pendimethalin (1 kg/ha pre-em) followed by quizalofop (50g/ha post-em) recorded the lowest density and dry weight of weeds. Crop sown at 10 November recorded significantly lowest nutrient depletion by weeds and highest yield and nutrients uptake by chickpea. Significantly lowest nutrient depletion by weeds and highest growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and nutrients uptake by chickpea were recorded under sequential application of pendimethalin (1 kg/ha pre-em) followed by quizalofop (50g/ha post-em). Regression equations revealed that unit increase in weed control efficiency increased the grain and straw yields, respectively by 13.67 and 32.74 kg/ha.PublicationArticle Effect of different sewage sludge applications on growth and yield of Vigna radiata L. field crop: Metal uptake by plant(2010) R.P. Singh; M. AgrawalThe aim of this study was to assess the suitability of sewage sludge use for mung bean {Vigna radiata L. cv. Malviya janpriya (HUM 6)} plants by evaluating the growth, and yield responses, nutritional quality and heavy metal accumulation at different sewage sludge amendment (SSA) rates. Sewage sludge amendment modified the physico-chemical properties of soil by decreasing pH and increasing organic carbon, total iron and heavy metals. Plants showed increments in shoot length, leaf area and total biomass at all SSA rates, but root length increased only up to 9 kg m-2 SSA rates. Plants grown at different SSA rates showed higher nutrients and heavy metals in seeds, but protein content declined. Sewage sludge application caused about 39, 76 and 60% more yield at 6, 9 and 12 kg m-2 treatments, respectively. Concentrations of Pb and Ni in grains were higher than the Indian permissible limits at and above 9 kg m-2 and of Cd at 12 kg m-2 SSA rates. The study suggests that SSA at a rate lower than 9 kg m-2 may be recommended due to better fertilizing value for soil and promoting mung bean yield. Higher rate of sewage sludge application leads to elevated accumulation of heavy metals in seeds, which limits the suitability for human consumption. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.PublicationArticle Effects of sewage sludge amendment on heavy metal accumulation and consequent responses of Beta vulgaris plants(Elsevier Ltd, 2007) R.P. Singh; M. AgrawalUse of sewage sludge, a biological residue produced from sewage treatment processes in agriculture is an alternative disposal technique of waste. To study the usefulness of sewage sludge amendment for palak (Beta vulgaris var. Allgreen H-1), a leafy vegetable and consequent heavy metal contamination, a pot experiment was conducted by mixing sewage sludge at 20% and 40% (w/w) amendment ratios to the agricultural soil. Soil pH decreased whereas electrical conductance, organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable Na, K and Ca increased in soil amended with sewage sludge in comparison to unamended soil. Sewage sludge amendment led to significant increase in Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni concentrations of soil. Cd concentration in soil was found above the Indian permissible limit in soil at both the amendment ratios. The increased concentration of heavy metals in soil due to sewage sludge amendment led to increases in heavy metal uptake and shoot and root concentrations of Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unamended soil. Accumulation was more in roots than shoots for most of the heavy metals. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were more than the permissible limits of Indian standard in the edible portion of palak grown on different sewage sludge amendments ratios. Sewage sludge amendment in soil decreased root length, leaf area and root biomass of palak at both the amendment ratios, whereas shoot biomass and yield decreased significantly at 40% sludge amendment. Rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content decreased whereas lipid peroxidation, peroxidase activity and protein and proline contents, increased in plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil as compared to those grown in unamended soil. The study clearly shows that increase in heavy metal concentration in foliage of plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil caused unfavorable changes in physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants leading to reductions in morphological characteristics, biomass accumulation and yield. The study concludes that sewage sludge amendment in soil for growing palak may not be a good option due to risk of contamination of Cd, Ni and Zn and also due to lowering of yield at higher mixing ratio. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.PublicationArticle Genetic architecture of yield and yield components in indigenous aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)(2012) A.K. Srivastava; H.K. Jaiswal; R.K. Agrawal; R.P. SinghParental, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations of five crosses involving indigenous aromatic rice cultivars were subjected to generation mean analysis to study the genetics of seven yield and yield components. It was observed that ĥ, î and l were significant for all the yield traits studied except ĥ for 100 - grain weight and î and l for plant height. Also d was significant for all the yield components except plant height and yield/plant. Further, ĵ was significant for plant height and main panicle length. Thus, for all the yield traits, additive and dominance gene effects as well as epistatic interactions were present indicating complex inheritance of the traits. This necessitates improvement of individual characters separately based on the nature of gene action. Exploitation of additive gene effect should be carried out following pedigree method of selection. For crosses and characters where both additive and non-additive gene effects were important, single plant selection can be postponed and biparental mating could be followed wherein a few cycles of crossing of promising segregants in F2 and onwards would help in the incorporation of desirable genes into a single genetic background. Diallel selective mating or reciprocal recurrent selection will be helpful in simultaneously exploiting both kinds of gene effects for improving the trait.PublicationArticle Effect of micro-herbicides on weed dynamics, yield and economics of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)(2005) Dhiman Mukherjee; R.P. SinghThe efficacy of some potent micro-herbicides in conjunction with other herbicide for control of various weed flora in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The major weedS found were Echinochloa colonum L., Echinochloa cruss galli Beauv., Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperus difformis L., Fimbristylis millacea (L.) Vahl and Ludwigia parviflora Roxb. Almix + 2, 4-DEE (15 + 500 g/ha) applied 8 days after transplanting was found most effective in controlling weeds and maximizing rice grain yield (58.3 q/ha). This was on a par with hand-weeding done thrice at 20,40 and 60 days stage. This treatment recorded highest net return (Rs 46,392) and benefit:cost ratio (3.9). Hand-weeding treatments though significantly reduced the weed biomass and improved the grain yield, owing to higher labour cost reduced the benefit:cost ratio.PublicationArticle Use of sewage sludge as fertiliser supplement for Abelmoschus esculentus plants: Physiological, biochemical and growth responses(Inderscience Publishers, 2009) R.P. Singh; M. AgrawalThis study was conducted to assess the usefulness of sewage sludge amendment (SSA) at 20 and 40% ratios for lady's finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L. var Varsha uphar) by evaluating the morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield responses. Lipid peroxidation, protein and antioxidant levels increased whereas photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and variable fluorescence ratio decreased in plants at higher SSA ratio. Biomass, yield and heavy metal concentration increased significantly at both the amendment ratios. The study suggests that SSA ratio below 20% could be an alternative option of fertilisers for good yield of lady's finger and also a useful management option for this solid waste. Copyright © 2009, Inderscience Publishers.PublicationArticle Relative performance of new generation herbicides on weed density, yield and nitrogen, phosphorus uptake behaviour in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)(2005) Dhiman Mukerjee; R.P. SinghA study was conducted during the rainy season (kharif) 2001 and 2002 to explore the performance of some new generation herbicides on weed density, yield and N, P uptake pattern in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). An application of pre-emergence herbicide mixture almix + 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid 15 + 500 g/ha recorded significantly lower weed population of grasses and their dry weight over other herbicidal treatment. Whereas, almix 25 g/ha recorded significantly lower density of sedges and broad-leaf weeds and their dry weight over rest of all treatments. Almix + 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid 15 + 500 g/ha recorded minimum total weed population and their dry weight and significantly superior to other chemical treatments. This treatment recorded maximum amount of nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in grain and straw and total uptake and significantly better than all other herbicidal treatments, crop could remove 107.33 kg N and 22.58 kg P/ha, which were 143 and 132 % more compared to crop removal under weedy check treatment respectively. Maximum grain (5.83 tonnes/ha) and straw yield (7.13 tonnes/ha) was obtained with almix + 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid 15 + 500 g/ha and it was at par with hand weeding which had highest grain (5.90 tonnes/ha) and straw yield (7.21 tonnes/ha).PublicationArticle Effect of weed-management practices on yield and economics of crops under upland rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system(1998) R.P. Singh; U.P. SinghA field experiment was carried out during July 1988-April 1991 at Varanasi, to study the effect of different weed-management practices on yield and economics of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems. Application of thiobencarb 1.5 kg/ha alone and in combination with 2, 4-D (1.0 + 0.5 kg/ha) in rice, pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha in gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and mechanical weeding twice (20 and 40 days after sowing) in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson] proved most effective treatments in minimizing weed growth and enhancing grain yields and net returns in respective crops. Among cropping systems, rice-gram sequence gave maximum return per rupee invested followed by rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Firoi & Paol.).PublicationArticle Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates(2010) R.P. Singh; M. AgrawalUse of sewage sludge in agriculture is an alternative disposal technique for this waste. The present field study was conducted to assess the suitability of sewage sludge amendment in soil for rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Pusa sugandha 3) by evaluating the heavy metal accumulation, growth, biomass and yield responses of plants grown at 0, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12kgm-2 sewage sludge amendment (SSA) rate. Sewage sludge amendment modified the physico-chemical properties of soil, thus increasing the availability of heavy metals in soil and consequently with higher accumulation in plant parts. Root length decreased, whereas shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area and total biomass increased significantly when grown under various SSA rates. Yield of rice increased by 60%, 111%, 125%, 134% and 137% at 3, 4.5, 6, 9 and 12kgm-2 SSA, respectively, as compared to those grown in unamended soil.Sewage sludge amendment rates above 4.5kgm-2 though increased the yield of rice, but caused risk of food chain contamination as concentrations of Ni and Cd in rice grains were found to be above the Indian safe limits (1.5mgkg-1) of human consumption above 4.5kgm-2 SSA and of Pb (2.5mgkg-1) above 6kgm-2 SSA. Since aboveground parts of the rice also showed higher concentration than the permissible levels of Ni, Cd and Pb at 4.5kgm-2 SSA rate, it cannot be used as fodder. The rice husk may be used as bioresource for energy production. Efforts should be made to treat the effluents from small scale industries before discharge into the sewerage system. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.PublicationArticle Efficacy of herbicides and nutrient management on weed dynamics and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)(Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2018) Smita Singh; R.P. Singh; U.N. Shukla; J.K. Singh; O.N. SinghA field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of herbicides and integrated nutrient managements on weed dynamics, NPK removal and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during 2009 and 2010. The results revealed that the pendimethalin fb quizalofop-p-ethyl had significantly marked potential to minimize the weed dynamics of Chenopodium album, Melilotus alba, Melilotus indica and Cyperus rotundus significantly, resulted in marked reduction on total weed density (41.48 and 41.11 nos/m), weed dry weight (45.62 and 44.68 g/m) and weed index at all stages of crop growth during 2009 and 2010, respectively and showed higher weed control efficiency over the alone application of pendimethalin. Recommended dose + 200 kg Wellgro Soil (Dust) minimized broad leaves weeds (BLWs) over rest of the fertility levels but at par with RD + 300 kg Wellgro Soil (Dust) in respect of BLWs weed density that resulted in enhanced weed index due to higher weed control efficiency over rest of the fertility levels during both the years of study. Significantly lower NPK removal by weeds at harvest recorded with pendimethalin fb quizalofop-p-ethyl under recommended dose + 200 kg Wellgro Soil (Dust), though remained at par with recommended dose + 300 kg Wellgro Soil (Dust). © 2018 Indian Council of Agricultural Research. All rights reserved.