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Nanoparticles for crop improvement and management
(De Gruyter, 2024) Richa Das; Pradeep Kumar; Shreni Agrawal; Kajal Singh; Nancy Singh; Sakshi Singh; Jyoti Vishwakarma; Vishnu D. Rajput; Amit Kumar Singh; Tatiana M. Minkina; Indrani Bhattacharya; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Kavindra Nath Tiwari
Agriculture is the mainstay, especially for developing countries. Climate changes globally and a rapidly expanding population are posing new challenges to food security, necessitating effective crop enhancement technologies that provide excellent crop quality and quantity. Chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to address biotic stressors in crop production, but these have serious consequences for crop quality and health. Nanotechnology is a novel and scientific method employed in designing, manipulating, and developing beneficial nanoparticles. Materials of nanometer-scale sizes that range from 1 nm to 100 nm are produced using nanotechnology. Due to their small sizes, they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio (as compared to bulk forms), thereby conferring unique and desirable physical traits. The nanotechnology application in agriculture is outstandingly advancing in order to improve food quality, minimize agricultural inputs, boost nutritional content, and extend shelf life. Crop improvement, crop growth, crop protection, soil enhancement, stress tolerance, and precision farming all benefit from nanotechnology. Nanomaterials provide a platform for delivering agrochemicals and other macromolecules required for plant growth improvement and stress tolerance. Smart agrochemical delivery boosts production by regulating nutrients and water requirements. Both the quality and quantity of agriculture can be improved by using nanoparticles to transform genes and supply macromolecules that encourage expression of genes. The motive of the chapter is to highlight importance of different nanoparticles in abiotic stress, detection of pathogen, seed germination, crop growth, quality enrichment, and supplementation of macronutrients and micronutrients. © 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Synthesis methods of chitosan nanoparticles: A review
(Elsevier, 2024) Jitha S Jayan; Athira Sreedevi Madhavikutty; Partha Kumbhakar; Ramesh Achayalingam; M. Saigayathri; Kalim Deshmukh; Appukuttan Saritha
Biopolymeric nanoparticles are found to be very effective in potential applications in different fields, especially in biomedical field. Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are one of those kind of nanoparticle with great research potential owing to its nontoxicity, biodegradability, and high permeability. The extraction of chitosan biopolymer and the production of CSNPs are both vibrant research areas. Emulsification, complexing, phase inversion etc. are the conventional synthesis methods; new synthesis methods are being developed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional approaches. Here we provide a glimpse into the methodological and mechanistic underpinnings of the synthesis methods of CSNPs. This chapter provides a complete overview of the synthesis methods used for the production of CSNPs, their benefits, drawbacks, and obstacles, as well as their future prospects. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Impact of Nanofertilizers for the Mitigation of Multiple Environmental Stresses
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Abhishek Singh; Sapna Rawat; Vishnu D. Rajput; Karen Ghazaryan; Tatiana Minkina; Abdel Rahman Mohammad Al Tawaha; Ashi Varshney
The global farming system has been detrimentally influenced by environmental transformations in recent years, leading to dilemmas with plant growth, physiology, and output due to changes in nonliving factors. These consequences have grown to be a serious danger to global food security and agricultural development, necessitating creative measures for long-term viability. By utilizing nanoscale goods like nanofertilizers, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides, and nanopesticides, nanotechnology has emerged as a helpful strategy for overcoming these challenges. Nanoparticles are particularly useful in agriculture due to their ability to easily traverse cellular barriers, small size, and efficient uptake by plants. Numerous studies have shown that nanoparticle applications can increase both the quality and quantity of harvests, even under various biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper examines the various abiotic stresses that plants face and how nanoparticles can help combat them. It also looks at the molecular, metabolic, and anatomical modifications that plants go through in order to adapt to challenging environments. However, it has been mentioned that there may be environmental and human health dangers related to the extensive usage of nanotechnology. © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Evaluation of Brassica species for growth, yield and heat use efficiency under nitrogen nutrition and iron sulphide nanoparticles application
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Rakhi Mahto; Rajesh Kumar Singh; Ankita; J.P. Singh; Ravindra Kumar Tiwari; Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma; Ahmad J. Obaidullah; Amel Gacem; Krishna Kumar Yadav; Ashish Krishna Yadav
The persistent and indiscriminate application of low-efficiency fertilizers, coupled with environmental degradation, poses a substantial threat to the sustainability of agricultural fields. To address these limitations, employing nanotechnology in agriculture emerges as a promising strategy that transforms traditional production systems into advanced agricultural practices, ensuring the sustainability of soil health and crop production. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to assess the effect of genotypes, nitrogen management and iron sulphide nanoparticles on oilseed Brassica at Varanasi in India. The experiment comprised 24 treatment combinations, incorporating three distinct oilseed Brassica species (B. carinata, B. napus, B. juncea) in the main plot, two nitrogen management strategies (100 % recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and 75 % RDF with 25 % nitrogen through farmyard manure) in subplots, and four levels of nano iron sulphide (0, 4, 8, and 12 ppm) as sub-subplot treatments. This was arranged in a split-split plot design and replicated thrice during the winter seasons (November–April) of 2017–18 and 2018–19. The statistical examination of the experimental data revealed that among the various treatments, the application of 8 ppm iron sulphide nanoparticles through foliar spraying, in combination with 75 % RDF and 25 % nitrogen from farmyard manure (FYM) in B. juncea, demonstrated the highest values for parameters such as plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g plant−1), the count of primary and secondary branches, number of seeds siliqua−1, number of siliquae plant−1, siliqua length (cm) and seed yield (kg ha−1). Comparable results were noted at different morphological stages concerning dry matter heat use efficiency (DM-HUE), with B. carinata exhibiting the highest efficiency in utilizing heat. B. juncea and B. napus treated with 8 ppm iron sulphide nanoparticles outperformed other treatment combinations in terms of interaction, recording the highest dry matter and seed yield followed by 12 ppm while B. napus treated with water spray recorded the lowest values for the same during both years of research. Therefore, the current study highlights the significance of foliage application of 8 ppm iron sulphide nanoparticles with 25 % nitrogen substitution through FYM along with 74 % RDF in comparison to other treatments promoting sustainable oilseed Brassica production in Mid Indo-Gangetic Plains. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Hyaluronic acid-oleylamine and chitosan-oleic acid conjugate-based hybrid nanoparticle delivery via. dissolving microneedles for enhanced treatment efficacy in localized breast cancer
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Abhishek Jha; Manish Kumar; Pooja Goswami; Manjit Manjit; Kanchan Bharti; Biplob Koch; Brahmeshwar Mishra
Microneedle technology offers a minimally invasive treatment strategy to deliver chemotherapeutics to localized tumors. Amalgamating the surface functionalized nanoparticles with microneedle technology can potentially deliver drugs directly to tumors and subsequently target cancer cells via, overexpressed receptors on the cell surface, thereby enhancing the treatment efficacy while reducing side effects. Here, we report cetuximab anchored hyaluronic acid-oleylamine and chitosan-oleic acid-based hybrid nanoparticle (HA-OA/CS-OA NPT)-loaded dissolving microneedles (MN) for targeted delivery of cabazitaxel (CBT) in localized breast cancer tumor. The HA-OA/CS-OA NPT was characterized for their size, surface charge, morphology, physicochemical characteristics, drug release behavior, and in vitro anti-cancer efficacy. The HA-OA/CS-OA NPT were of ~125 nm size, showed enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular uptake, and elicited a superior apoptotic response against MDA-MB-231 cells. Subsequently, the morphology and physicochemical characteristics of HA-OA/CS-OA NPT-loaded MN were also evaluated. The fabricated microneedles were of ~550 μm height and showed loading of nanoparticles equivalent to ~250 μg of CBT. The ex vivo skin permeation study revealed fast dissolution of microneedles upon hydration, while the drug permeation across the skin exhibited ~4-fold improvement in comparison to free drug-loaded MN. In vivo studies performed on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female SD rats showed a marked reduction in tumor volume after administration of drug and nanoparticle-loaded microneedles in comparison to intravenous administration of free drug. However, the HA-OA/CS-OA NPT-MN showed the highest tumor reduction and survival rate, with the lowest body weight reduction in comparison to other treatment groups, indicating its superior efficacy and low systemic toxicity. Overall, the dissolving microneedle-mediated delivery of targeted nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapeutics offers a superior alternative to conventional intravenous chemotherapy. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Nanoparticles-based abiotic stresses management in the climate era for sustainable crop production
(De Gruyter, 2024) Shreni Agrawal; Pradeep Kumar; Richa Das; Shivangee Solanki; Vishnu D. Rajput; Amit Kumar Singh; Tatiana M. Minkina; Indrani Bhattacharya; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Kavindra Nath Tiwari
Rapid population expansion and environmental difficulties in agriculture necessitate the development of new and efficient ways to address the expanding global demand for food. Modern nanotechnology developments have received widespread application in agricultural safety and post-harvest processing. Nanostructures are necessary for plant control, seedling growth, and genetic modification. Its size, surface morphology, composition, and features were created to allow sustained delivery and specific strength in agriculture and the food business. Nanotechnology has the ability to be used for the precise and regulated administration of nutrients, insecticides, regulators, and so on. It also contributes to the elimination of chemical-based agrochemicals and their water solubility, the protection of agrochemical breakdown, maintaining soil health, and the natural control of crop pathogens. Nanoparticles can be exploited efficiently for nanoencapsulation, seed germination, genetic manipulation, and so on in order to preserve crops and increase crop productivity, food quality, and climate monitoring. Nanotechnology played a key role in the assimilation and transportation operations, biologically transforming the plants, promoting high-seed germination, and enhancing agricultural yield. In this chapter, we will highlight some of the most essential nanomaterial technologies for efficient agro-food systems. The necessity and function of nanotechnology in addressing the issues and difficulties facing agriculture and the food sector are thoroughly discussed, along with the limitations and future prospects of nanoparticles. © 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
In vitro cytotoxic potential of cow dung and expired tomato sauces-derived carbon nanodots against A-375 human melanoma cell line
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Gaurav Gopal Naik; Reena Madavi; Tarun Minocha; Debadatta Mohapatra; Ravi Pratap; Singh Shreya; Pradeep Kumar Patel; Sanjeev Kumar Yadav; Avanish Parmar; Arjun Patra; Nishant Sudhir Jain; Swaha Satpathy; Mohsin Kazi; Muhammad Delwar Hussain; Alakh N Sahu
Converting biowaste into a functional product is put to the test by the growing amount of biowaste in the world and the environmental problems it causes. In this research study, we synthesized, characterized, and evaluated bluish-green luminescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) from cow dung and expired tomato sauces via a hydrothermal synthesis method at 160 °C for 8 h. The carbon nanodots were fabricated without additional passivating agents and exhibited good physicochemical and optical properties. The intrinsic properties of carbon nanodots were characterized using various spectral techniques. First, we evaluated the cytotoxic potential of carbon nanodots against A-375 human melanoma cell lines. This study revealed that carbon nanodots exhibited potent cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited the proliferation of A-375 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Next, we demonstrated these carbon nanodot's free radical scavenging potential by employing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The bluish-green fluorescent carbon nanodots fabricated using a green synthesis approach have broad potential for biological applications. © 2023 The Authors
Nanoparticle-mediated defense priming: A review of strategies for enhancing plant resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses
(Elsevier Masson s.r.l., 2024) Nidhi Yadav; Sunayana Bora; Bandana Devi; Chandan Upadhyay; Prashant Singh
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field with the potential to revolutionize agriculture, particularly in enhancing plant defense mechanisms. Nanoparticles (NPs) are instrumental in plant defense priming, where plants are pre-exposed to controlled levels of stress to heighten their alertness and responsiveness to subsequent stressors. This process improves overall plant performance by enabling quicker and more effective responses to secondary stimuli. This review explores the application of NPs as priming agents, utilizing their unique physicochemical properties to bolster plants' innate defense mechanisms. It discusses key findings in NP-based plant defense priming, including various NP types such as metallic, metal oxide, and carbon-based NPs. The review also investigates the intricate mechanisms by which NPs interact with plants, including uptake, translocation, and their effects on plant physiology, morphology, and molecular processes. Additionally, the review examines how NPs can enhance plant responses to a range of stressors, from pathogen attacks and herbivore infestations to environmental stresses. It also discusses NPs' ability to improve plants' tolerance to abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and heavy metals. Safety and regulatory aspects of NP use in agriculture are thoroughly addressed, emphasizing responsible and ethical deployment for environmental and human health safety. By harnessing the potential of NPs, this approach shows promise in reducing crop losses, increasing yields, and enhancing global food security while minimizing the environmental impact of traditional agricultural practices. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of ongoing research to optimize NP formulations, dosages, and delivery methods for practical application in diverse agricultural settings. © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS
Impact of nanoparticles on biochemical reactions
(Elsevier, 2024) Alka Raj; Sonam Sriwastaw; Krishna Kumar Rai; Ruchi Rai; Shilpi Singh; L.C. Rai
Nanotechnology is a promising field with various applications devoted to manipulating atoms and molecules on a nanoscale (dimensions having a range of a few nanometers). The implication of its developing technology on the environment raised concerns about the metabolism, physiology, and biochemistry of biological systems, mainly producers, that is, plants and algae. Nanoparticles (NPs) enhance abiotic stress tolerance ability and positively affect growth and development in plants and algae depending on various factors like size, nature, concentration, and exposure duration. But it can also have some adverse and unwanted effects like mineral toxicity and the generation of oxidative stress. Interaction of NPs at the biochemical level regarding catalytic NPs such as nanozymes can serve as reactive oxygen species activating or scavenging enzymes involved in plant and algal antioxidant systems. This chapter summarizes the interaction of NPs with such biochemical reactions and their associated pathways in plants and algae. The potential role of NPs, like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and deoxyribonucleic acid cleavage activities, is also elucidated. Furthermore, we have also discussed the role of NPs on plants and algae in abiotic stress management. Case studies are discussed as examples which will serve as a powerful tool to understand and evaluate research paradigms related to NP impacts in this context. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Diseases: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovations for Better Health
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Prasoon Madhukar; Vishal Kumar Singh; Shashi Bhushan Chauhan; Rahul Tiwari; Awnish Kumar; Rajneesh; Rajiv Kumar
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of global mortality, responsible for approximately 17.9 million deaths in 2019 and 20.5 million deaths in 2021. Limited access to specialised testing, especially for marginalised population, complicate the diagnosis of cardiovascular conditions. Disparities in treatment, sub-optimal pharmaceuticals, toxicity from conventional drugs, diagnostic errors, and the underutilization of non-invasive diagnostic methods contribute to adverse outcomes. Additionally, cost and insurance barriers hinder access to necessary tests, delaying diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improved therapies for CVDs. Additionally, cost and insurance barriers hinder access to necessary tests, delaying diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improved therapies for CVDs. Nanotechnology, which involves the precise control and manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular levels, shows promise in addressing cardiovascular diseases. Nanoparticles, with their unique properties such as ultra-small size, tunable physicochemical characteristics, and biocompatibility, offer potential for targeted drug delivery. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can enhance therapeutic effectiveness, prolong drug action, improve drug absorption, target specific areas passively or actively, reduce drug resistance, and minimize adverse drug reactions. This chapter comprehensively examines the use of nanoparticle-based diagnostic methods, targeting strategies, and therapeutic interventions for cardiovascular diseases, providing a thorough explanation of the fundamental principles and key considerations in this field. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.

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