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Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera in BPA induced-cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress in mice
(BioMed Central Ltd., 2019) Hareram Birla; Chetan Keswani; Sachchida Nand Rai; Saumitra Sen Singh; Walia Zahra; Hagera Dilnashin; Aaina Singh Rathore; Surya Pratap Singh
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA), a major endocrine disruptor and a xenobiotic compound is used abundantly in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Human exposure to this compound is primarily via its leaching from the protective internal epoxy resin coatings of containers into the food and beverages. In addition, the plastics used in dental prostheses and sealants also contain considerable amount of BPA and have a high risk of human exposure. Since it is a well-known endocrine disruptor and closely mimics the molecular structure of human estrogen thereby impairing learning and memory. Withania somnifera (Ws), commonly known as Ashwagandha is known for its varied therapeutic uses in Ayurvedic system of medicine. The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the impairment induced by BPA on the spatial learning, working memory and its alleviation by Ws in Swiss albino mice. The study was conducted on thirty Swiss albino mice, randomly distributed among three groups: control, BPA and BPA + Ws. The behavioral recovery after treatment with Ws was investigated using the Y-maize and Morris water maize test. Whereas, for the estimation of recovery of NMDA receptor which is related to learning and memory in hippocampus region by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the oxidative stress and antioxidant level was assessed by biochemical tests like MDA, SOD and catalase. Results: The study revealed that administration of Ws alleviated the behavioral deficits induced by BPA. Alongside, Ws treatment reinstated the number of NMDA receptors in hippocampus region and showed anti-oxidative property while ameliorating the endogenous anti-oxidant level in the brain. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Ws significantly ameliorates the level of BPA intoxicated oxidative stress thereby potentially treating cognitive dysfunction which acts as the primary symptom in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. © 2019 The Author(s).
2.45-GHz microwave irradiation adversely affects reproductive function in male mouse, Mus musculus by inducing oxidative and nitrosative stress
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) S. Shahin; V. Mishra; S.P. Singh; C.M. Chaturvedi
Electromagnetic radiations are reported to produce long-term and short-term biological effects, which are of great concern to human health due to increasing use of devices emitting EMR especially microwave (MW) radiation in our daily life. In view of the unavoidable use of MW emitting devices (microwaves oven, mobile phones, Wi-Fi, etc.) and their harmful effects on biological system, it was thought worthwhile to investigate the long-term effects of low-level MW irradiation on the reproductive function of male Swiss strain mice and its mechanism of action. Twelve-week-old mice were exposed to non-thermal low-level 2.45-GHz MW radiation (CW for 2 h/day for 30 days, power density = 0.029812 mW/cm2 and SAR = 0.018 W/Kg). Sperm count and sperm viability test were done as well as vital organs were processed to study different stress parameters. Plasma was used for testosterone and testis for 3β HSD assay. Immunohistochemistry of 3β HSD and nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) was also performed in testis. We observed that MW irradiation induced a significant decrease in sperm count and sperm viability along with the decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Reduction in testicular 3β HSD activity and plasma testosterone levels was also noted in the exposed group of mice. Increased expression of testicular i-NOS was observed in the MW-irradiated group of mice. Further, these adverse reproductive effects suggest that chronic exposure to nonionizing MW radiation may lead to infertility via free radical species-mediated pathway. © 2014 Informa UK, Ltd.
Reactive oxygen species signalling in the deterioration of quality of mammalian oocytes cultured in vitro: Protective effect of antioxidants
(Elsevier Inc., 2024) Ashutosh N. Pandey; Pramod K. Yadav; Karuppanan V Premkumar; Meenakshi Tiwari; Ajai K. Pandey; Shail K. Chaube
The in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the first choice of infertile couples worldwide to plan for conception. Besides having a significant advancement in IVF procedure, the success rate is still poor. Although several approaches have been tested to improve IVF protocol, minor changes in culture conditions, physical factors and/or drug treatment generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oocytes. Due to large size and huge number of mitochondria, oocyte is more susceptible towards ROS-mediated signalling under in vitro culture conditions. Elevation of ROS levels destabilize maturation promoting factor (MPF) that results in meiotic exit from diplotene as well as metaphase-II (M-II) arrest in vitro. Once meiotic exit occurs, these oocytes get further arrested at metaphase-I (M-I) stage or metaphase-III (M-III)-like stage under in vitro culture conditions. The M-I as well as M-III arrested oocytes are not fit for fertilization and limits IVF outcome. Further, the generation of excess levels of ROS cause oxidative stress (OS) that initiate downstream signalling to initiate various death pathways such as apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis and deteriorates oocyte quality under in vitro culture conditions. The increase of cellular enzymatic antioxidants and/or supplementation of exogenous antioxidants in culture medium protect ROS-induced deterioration of oocyte quality in vitro. Although a growing body of evidence suggests the ROS and OS-mediated deterioration of oocyte quality in vitro, their downstream signalling and related mechanisms remain poorly understood. Hence, this review article summarizes the existing evidences concerning ROS and OS-mediated downstream signalling during deterioration of oocyte quality in vitro. The use of various antioxidants against ROS and OS-mediated impairment of oocyte quality in vitro has also been explored in order to increase the success rate of IVF during assisted reproductive health management. © 2024 Elsevier Inc.
A novel approach to study oxidative stress in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
(Elsevier, 2015) Reena Negi; Deepti Pande; Kanchan Karki; Ashok Kumar; Ranjana S. Khanna; Hari D. Khanna
Background: Respiratory distress syndrome of the neonate (neonatal RDS) is still an important problem in treatment of preterm infants. It is accompanied by inflammatory processes with free radical generation and oxidative stress. The aim of study was to determine the role of oxidative stress in the development of neonatal RDS. Methods: Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in umbilical cord blood were studied in infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome with reference to healthy newborns. Results: Status of markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine) showed a significant increase with depleted levels of total antioxidant capacity in neonatal RDS when compared to healthy newborns. Conclusion: The study provides convincing evidence of oxidative damage and diminished antioxidant defenses in newborns with RDS. Neonatal RDS is characterized by damage of lipid, protein and DNA, which indicates the augmentation of oxidative stress. General significance: The identification of the potential biomarker of oxidative stress consists of a promising strategy to study the pathophysiology of neonatal RDS. © 2014.
Role of oxidative stress and metal toxicity in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Hareram Birla; Tarun Minocha; Gaurav Kumar; Anamika Misra; Sandeep Kumar Singh
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the life-threatening neurodegenerative disorders in the elderly (>60 years) and incurable across the globe to date. AD is caused by the involvement of various genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors that affect neuronal cells to degenerate over the period of time. The oxidative stress is engaged in the pathogenesis of various disorders and its key role is also linked to the etiology of AD. AD is attributed by neuronal loss, abnormal accumulation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) with severe memory impairments and other cognitive dysfunctions which lead to the loss of synapses and neuronal death and eventual demise of the individual. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial function, altered metal homeostasis, aberrant accumulation of senile plaque and mitigated antioxidant defense mechanism all are indulged in the progression of AD. In spite of recent advances in biomedical re-search, the underlying mechanism of disruption of redox balance and the actual source of oxidative stress is still obscure. This review highlights the generation of ROS through different mechanisms, the role of some important metals in the progression of AD and free radical scavenging by endogenous molecule and supplementation of nutrients in AD. © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.
Mucuna pruriens seed extract reduces oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in paraquat-induced Parkinsonian mouse model
(2013) Satyndra Kumar Yadav; Jay Prakash; Shikha Chouhan; Surya Pratap Singh
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which causes rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability. Treatment for this disease is still under investigation. Mucuna pruriens (L.), is a traditional herbal medicine, used in India since 1500 B.C.; as a neuroprotective agent. In this present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of M. pruriens (Mp) seed in Parkinsonian mouse model developed by chronic exposure to paraquat (PQ). Results of our study revealed that the nigrostriatal portion of Parkinsonian mouse brain showed significantly increased levels of nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced levels of catalase compared to the control. In the Parkinsonian mice hanging time was decreased, whereas narrow beam walk time and foot printing errors were increased. Treatment with aqueous seed extract of Mp significantly increased the catalase activity and decreased the MDA and nitrite level, compared to untreated Parkinsonian mouse brain. Mp treatment also improved the behavioral abnormalities. It increased hanging time, whereas it decreased narrow beam walk time and foot printing error compared to untreated Parkinsonian mouse brain. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum region of the brain, after treatment with PQ which was considerably restored by the use of Mp seed extract. Our result suggested that Mp seed extract treatment significantly reduced the PQ induced neurotoxicity as evident by decrease in oxidative damage, physiological abnormalities and immunohistochemical changes in the Parkinsonian mouse. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nematophagous Fungi in Antioxidant-Mediated Defense Against Plant Parasitic Nematodes
(Springer Nature, 2021) S. Saranya; Basavaraj Teli; Jyotika Purohit; R.K. Singh; Anirudha Chattopadhyay
Nematophagous fungi play vital role in plant growth promotion and antioxidant defense response against many plant parasitic nematodes as well as plant pathogens. Huge bio-diversity and wider adaptability to various soil habitats, make them prominent predacious fungi that can be utilized in integrated pest management practices for sustainable crop production. Oxidative stress generated in the plants due to various biotic and abiotic factors leads to the imbalance in the host cellular mechanisms resulting in the cell death. Application of nematophagous fungi is one of the option to mitigate the oxidative stress. External root application of these nematophagous fungi not only parasitised on the plant parasitic nematodes with the help of trapping structure, but also induced the production of the various antioxidants to maintain the free radical ion synthesis directly and indirectly in the host plants. Thus, nematophagous fungi act as the best alternative for the management of plant parasitic nematodes and other pathogens to mitigate the oxidative stress and to maintain the plant health through antioxidant production. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Toxicopathological impact of sub-lethal concentrations of lead nitrate on the gill of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis
(Elsevier GmbH, 2022) Archisman Mahapatra; Arup Mistri; Priya Gupta; Sumanta Kar; Swati Mittal; Rahul K. Singh
In recent studies, fish are heavily used as biomarkers of aquatic pollution, and heavy metals are among the main contributors to water pollution. In the present study, we investigated histopathological changes along with alterations in localization and activity of enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) and Na+/K+-ATPase in the gill tissues of Indian stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to two different concentrations (0.4 and 4 mg/L) of lead nitrate for 15 days. Histopathological examination of gill tissues revealed hypertrophy and swelling of epithelial cells, the fusion of epithelium of gill filaments and secondary lamellae, and alteration of secondary lamellae structure. Biochemical assays and histochemical localization show a pronounced effect on enzyme alkaline phosphatase activity and acid phosphatase in the gills of both groups of treated groups. In contrast, a significant decrease was noticed in the enzymatic response including catalase and peroxidase activity. Being a vital organ gill reflects the fish's physiological condition and the severity of the contamination in the surrounding environment. Gill is also the prime organ of osmoregulation in teleosts. Decreased activity of Na+/K+-ATPase suggests lead as a potent inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase that causes sodium hyperregulation. Alteration in the activity of metabolic enzymes reflects the level of tissue damage and metabolic disruption. At the same time, the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes states the condition of oxidative stress. Haematological parameters also altered with the lead nitrate exposure, reflecting metal toxicity and immune response against it. Meanwhile, this study also provides a potential use of H. fossilis as a biomarker for aquatic pollution. © 2022
Manganese induced changes in growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidants activity in seedlings of broad bean (Vicia faba L.)
(Triveni Enterprises, 2011) Shashi K. Arya; B.K. Roy
The effect of manganese(Mn) on broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was studied with regard to growth, Mn accumulation in root and shoot, chlorophyll, proline content and peroxidase activity. Seeds were treated with Mn (10, 20, 40, 80,120,160 μM) and grown hydroponically up to 15 days. Manganese level in both root and shoot increased progressively in response to increasing concentration and it was high in roots (13 fold) over the shoots (8 fold). The reductions in root (52%) and shoot (62.92%) development were evident for the maximum Mn concentration (160 μM). The chlorophyll amount gradually declined with increasing Mn concentrations and attained its maximum (42%) at 160 μM. By contrast, the guaiacol peroxidase activity was high (71%) along with the accompanying rise in proline content (75%) in shoots of the highest Mn concentration (160 ìM). However, there was about 2 fold increase in total glutathione content at 40 ìM than the basal level and further declined to 21.65 Cg g-1 fresh wt. at 160 μM Mn. The alterations in overall reflected Mn concentration- dependent changes in the parameters studied. The results suggest that the plant Vicia faba L. copes with Mn exposure through enhanced production of antioxidants.
Sleep Disturbance–Induced Free Radical Formation in the Gut May Be Blocked by Melatonin
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021) Vaibhav Mishra; Meet Parikh; S. Akanksha; Niraj Kumar Jha; Kavindra Kumar Kesari
All animals—including humans, birds, reptiles, flies, and even worms (Caenorhabditis elegans)—not only require sleep but in fact spend nearly half of their lives asleep. This is why sleep attracts scientists and researchers to understand the basic mechanisms behind it. The sleeping brain not only stores collected information but also resets the circadian cycle. Earlier, it was believed that during sleep, the brain does not work, but now scientists realize that the brain actually works more while sleeping. According to literature reports, during sleep, the brain restores all of its data, receives new informative signals from different parts of the body, and sends them for storage. We now know that several pathways and biological agents are involved in sleep, and this has improved our understanding of the function(s) of sleep and sleep-related pathologies. In this chapter, we collate valuable information about all of the pathways that are possibly involved in sleep disruption and consequently influence generation of reactive oxygen species and gut microbes. We also discuss a therapeutic approach to scavenging of reactive oxygen species. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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