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2.45-GHz microwave irradiation adversely affects reproductive function in male mouse, Mus musculus by inducing oxidative and nitrosative stress
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) S. Shahin; V. Mishra; S.P. Singh; C.M. Chaturvedi
Electromagnetic radiations are reported to produce long-term and short-term biological effects, which are of great concern to human health due to increasing use of devices emitting EMR especially microwave (MW) radiation in our daily life. In view of the unavoidable use of MW emitting devices (microwaves oven, mobile phones, Wi-Fi, etc.) and their harmful effects on biological system, it was thought worthwhile to investigate the long-term effects of low-level MW irradiation on the reproductive function of male Swiss strain mice and its mechanism of action. Twelve-week-old mice were exposed to non-thermal low-level 2.45-GHz MW radiation (CW for 2 h/day for 30 days, power density = 0.029812 mW/cm2 and SAR = 0.018 W/Kg). Sperm count and sperm viability test were done as well as vital organs were processed to study different stress parameters. Plasma was used for testosterone and testis for 3β HSD assay. Immunohistochemistry of 3β HSD and nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) was also performed in testis. We observed that MW irradiation induced a significant decrease in sperm count and sperm viability along with the decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Reduction in testicular 3β HSD activity and plasma testosterone levels was also noted in the exposed group of mice. Increased expression of testicular i-NOS was observed in the MW-irradiated group of mice. Further, these adverse reproductive effects suggest that chronic exposure to nonionizing MW radiation may lead to infertility via free radical species-mediated pathway. © 2014 Informa UK, Ltd.
“Sustainable synthesis of Camellia sinensis-mediated silver nanoparticles (CsAgNP) and their anticancer mechanisms in breast cancer cells”
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Rupen Tamang; Abhishesh Kumar Mehata; Virendra Pratap Singh; Madaswamy Sona S Muthu; Biplob Koch
The present investigation focuses on synthesizing eco-friendly and cost-effective silver nanoparticles (CsAgNP) utilizing Camellia sinensis ethanolic extract (CsE) as a reducing agent and investigating the potential enhancement in its anticancer efficacy as compared to CsE. The CsAgNP formation was confirmed through the color change from pale green to dark brown and further validated using UV–visible spectroscopy in the 400-450 nm range. The optimal CsAgNP synthesis parameters include 1:4 ratio of CsE: 1 mM AgNO3, 60 min of duration and 50 °C reaction temperature. The morphology and the size of nanoparticles were estimated using AFM, SEM and TEM where the results showed a smooth topography with a size <100 nm. The CsAgNP crystalline form was confirmed through SAED pictures and silver's presence confirmed through EDX analysis. FTIR study ascertained the capping agents and distortion in functional groups compared to CsE. The anticancer potency of CsAgNP and crude extract (CsE) was assessed against the T-47D breast cancer cells by MTT assay. CsAgNP displayed strong activity towards T-47D cells (IC50 8 μg/ml) compared to CsE and relatively low activity towards the normal HEK-293 cells. Further, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry data revealed that the CsAgNP promotes apoptosis and also induces G2-M phase cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, CsAgNP treatment decreases p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression, while increasing Bax, Cytochrome c and Caspase-3 levels, indicating mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway activation. Thus, our research aims to investigate the potential of using Camellia sinensis to synthesize CsAgNP, a potent drug delivery system, to enhance anticancer effectiveness and advance cancer therapy in the future. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Nickel-induced oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant defence in rice seedlings
(2009) Ruchi Maheshwari; R.S. Dubey
Seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Pant-12 grown in sand cultures containing 200 and 400 μM NiSO4, showed a decrease in length and fresh weight of roots and shoots. Nickel was readily taken up by rice seedlings and the concentration was higher in roots than shoots. Nickel-treated seedlings showed increased rates of superoxide anion (O2•-) production, elevated levels of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) demonstrating enhanced lipid peroxidation, and a decline in protein thiol levels indicative of increased protein oxidation compared to controls. With progressively higher Ni concentrations, non-protein thiol and ascorbate (AsA) increased, whereas the level of low-molecular-weight thiols (such as glutathione and hydroxyl-methyl glutathione), the ratio of these thiols to their corresponding disulphides, and the ratio of AsA to dehydroascorbic acid declined in the seedlings. Among the antioxidant enzymes studied, the activities of all isoforms of superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD, Mn SOD and Fe SOD), guaiacol peroxidases (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased in Ni-treated seedlings, while no clear alteration in catalase activity was evident. Activity of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR)-significantly increased in Ni-treated seedlings. However such increase was apparently insufficient to maintain the intracellular redox balance. Results suggest that Ni induces oxidative stress in rice plants, resulting in enhanced lipid peroxidation and decline in protein thiol levels, and that (hydroxyl-methyl) glutathione and AsA in conjunction with Cu-Zn SOD, GPX and APX are involved in stress response. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.
UVB irradiation severely induces systemic tissue injury by augmenting oxidative load in a tropical rodent: Efficacy of melatonin as an antioxidant
(Elsevier, 2014) Soumik Goswami; Chandana Haldar
Tropical animals are regularly exposed to solar UV radiation. The generation and accumulation of free radicals as a result of UVB incidence causes tissue damage. In the present study we report that the irradiation of Funambulus pennanti by 1.5 J/cm2 of UVB caused significant oxidative damage to the spleen. The systemic immunity suffered collateral damage as depicted by results of total leukocyte count (TLC) while an increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and decline in the activities of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and Catalase (CAT) denoted oxidative tissue damage. Melatonin the indole-amine with known antioxidative properties when administered subcutaneously (s.c 100 μg/100 gm body weight), before the UVB irradiation recovered the damages caused by UVB radiation in the spleen. The action of melatonin was direct and might have involved its membrane receptor (MT1) as well as nuclear receptor (RORα) indicating the fact that the mode of action of melatonin in ameliorating UVB radiation induced free radical load may be receptor mediated. Our study hence reports for the first time that UVB radiation incurred oxidative damage to the spleen and suppressed the normal tissue functions. This UVB mitigated oxidative stress was recovered by the free radical scavenging and anti-apoptotic functions of melatonin when administered prior to UVB irradiation. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and ROS Scavengers in Plant Abiotic Stress Response
(Springer Nature, 2024) Aakanksha Singh; P.K. Satheeshkumar
The surroundings in which plants live experience fluctuations in every moment. Highly dynamic processes in the cells in response to these changes in the outside environment restore the equilibrium necessary for normal metabolism. Being sessile living beings' plants are affected by the changes in their surroundings much more than animals, who can move themselves to a more comfortable environment. Metabolic processes produce certain bi-products that play critical roles in living cells. They present in the cells under normal conditions within a permissible level and may increase their concentration under extreme conditions like stress. Reactive oxygen species or “ROS” is one of those by-products that have multiple roles in living cells. Nearly 1–2% of the oxygen that enters the cells is converted to ROS of different types such as singlet oxygen, superoxide radical, hydroxide radical, and hydrogen peroxide, which are inevitable components in activating many molecular pathways in cells. The sensitive balance in terms of the amount of ROS present in a cell at a time is taken care of by a group of molecules known as ROS scavengers, which are part of the antioxidant machinery in the cells. While the redox signalling pathways mediated by the ROS under normal conditions are beneficial for plant growth, and development, the pathways activated by the ROS under stress conditions have a negative effect on plants. Even though the ROS induces the ROS scavenger's production and activity, depending on the intensity and duration of the stress it may be beneficial or ineffective. This chapter discusses about different types of ROS and ROS scavengers, the conditions leading to their origin, the role played by them under normal and stressed conditions, and the major organelles involved in the ROS signalling pathways. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Prevention of age-associated neurodegeneration and promotion of healthy brain ageing in female wistar rats by long term use of bacosides
(2012) Manisha Rastogi; Rudra P. Ojha; P.C. Prabu; B. Parimala Devi; Aruna Agrawal; G.P. Dubey
Bacopa monnieri (L.), popularly known as Brahmi, is a revered Ayurvedic medicinal plant used as nerve tonic since time immemorial. The present study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of bacosides, the active saponins of Bacopa monnieri (L.) against age associated neurodegeneration and its impact over the prevention of Senile Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (SDAT). The optimum dose of bacosides with no adverse effect was selected by screening its dose dependant activity on ageing biomarker lipofuscin and SDAT biomarker neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the aged female Wistar rat brain. The selected therapeutic dose of bacosides (200 mg/kg) was orally administered for 3 months in middle aged and aged rats and further investigated for its protective action against age associated alterations in neurotransmission system, behavioral paradigms, hippocampal neuronal loss and oxidative stress markers. The results of the present study suggest that bacosides may act as a potential therapeutic intervention in forestalling the deleterious effects of ageing and preventing the age associated pathologies like SDAT. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
Evaluation of pollution of Ganga River water using fish as bioindicator
(Springer International Publishing, 2016) Huma Vaseem; T.K. Banerjee
Ganga River, life line of millions of people got heavily polluted due to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities. To monitor the effect of pollution of the river on its aquatic life, a field study was conducted by analyzing the different biomarker enzymes and biochemical parameters in the various tissues (muscles, liver, gills, kidney, brain, and skin) of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita collected from the River Ganga from different study sites of Varanasi district. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and level of lipid peroxidation were found to be higher in the fish collected from the river showing pollutant-induced oxidative stress in the fish. Disturbed health status of the river fish was also manifested by increased activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Concentration of nutritionally important biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and moisture) and energy value were also found to be significantly lower in the tissues of the River fish indicating its decreased nutritional value due to oxidative stress caused by different pollutants. © 2016, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Expression of ZAT12 transcripts in transgenic tomato under various abiotic stresses and modeling of ZAT12 protein in silico
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2014) Avinash Chandra Rai; Indra Singh; Major Singh; Kavita Shah
ZAT12 a C2H2-zinc-finger protein is an abiotic stress-responsive transcription factor in plants having less information about their structure. Transcription analysis proved that ZAT12 transcripts over expressed during drought, heat and salt stress conditions which led to an interest in 3-D structural studies of ZAT12 in Brassica carinata. Over-expression of BcZAT12 in transformed tomato plants under abiotic stresses, suggest role of ZAT12 in conferring stress-tolerance in tomato. Sequence analysis of ZAT12 protein (Accession No. ABB55254.1) from B. carinata revealed it as a 161 amino acid long protein with short conserved motif 140LDLXL144 in C-terminal, a leucine rich L-Box with—14EXXAXCLXXL23 motif in N-terminal region and presence of two conserved Zinc-Finger motifs “CXXCXXXXXXXQALGGHXXXH” between positions 42–62 and 85–105. The two zinc finger motifs have presence of two conserved glutamic acid (Glu) and phenylalanine (Phe) residues. Two methionine (Met) residues at position 94 and 102 present in ZF-motif-2 were absent in ZF-motif-1. The 94Met and 97Ala in ZFmotif-2 were found to be replaced by serine (Ser) in ZFmotif-1. Homology and ab initio structural modeling of ZAT12 encodedBcZAT12 protein of B. carinata resulted in robust 3-D models and were evaluated for structural motifs, associated GO terms and protein-DNA interactions. The BcZAT12 protein model, was of good quality, reliable, stable and is deposited in PMDB database (PMDB ID: PM0078213). BcZAT12 is annotated as an intracellular protein having molecular function in Zn-binding which in turn regulates signal transduction/translation processes in response to abiotic stresses in plants. Results suggest BcZAT12 protein to interact directly with one strand of dsDNA via electrostatic and H-bonds. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014.
Ethnopharmacological validation of Karkataka Taila-An edible crab Rasayana in rotenone-induced in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease
(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2024) N.P. Deepika; Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy; Magham Sai Varshini; Mudavath Ravi Naik; Deepak Vasudevan Sajini; Ammu VVV Ravi Kiran; Kusuma Kumari Garikapati; Basavan Duraiswamy; Rohit Sharma
Ethnopharmacological relevance: ‘Karkataka Taila (KT), an ancient Ayurvedic Rasayana comprising the edible freshwater crab Scylla serrata Forskal flesh, is still used by local traditional practitioners in Kerala state to treat tremors and palsy. In the scientific community, it becomes less exposed due to the lack of adequate scientific validations and brief reports. There has been no published research on the effectiveness of KT in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Purpose: The purpose of the current research work was to investigate the anti-Parkison's potential of KT against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell lines and rat model of PD and investigate underlying molecular mechanisms. Materials and methods: The components of KT have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The neuroprotective activity of KT was assessed using SH-SY5Y cell lines and rats against rotenone-induced PD. The parameters used for asses the neuroprotection are antioxidant markers (ROS and SOD), anti-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and dopamine levels. Behavioral evaluation and rat brain histopathology were carried out to further support the neuroprotection. Result: Analysis using GC-MS revealed 36 constituents in KT. In vitro, the KT displayed considerable neuroprotective effects in terms of decreasing oxidative stress (ROS and SOD), neuroinflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and elevating dopamine concentration. In vivo data showing improvements in histopathological and biochemical parameters confirmed the in vitro study findings, and in terms of behavioral assays, KT displayed significant activity. Conclusion: GC-MS profiling was used to identify the bioactive compounds of KT with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. As a result, they may be responsible for the therapeutic effects of KT on PD. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
The interplay between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species contributes in the regulatory mechanism of the nitro-oxidative stress induced by cadmium in Arabidopsis
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Shiliang Liu; Rongjie Yang; Durgesh Kumar Tripathi; Xi Li; Wei He; Mengxi Wu; Shafaqat Ali; Mingdong Ma; Qingsu Cheng; Yuanzhi Pan
Nitric oxide ([rad]NO) involved in various metabolic processes in plants. Although its significant influence has been established, the exact mechanisms of [rad]NO-derived products under metal-stress conditions are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the key components of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) metabolisms under cadmium (Cd) stress using Arabidopsis as the model plant. Exposure to Cd disturbed redox homeostasis and increased lipid peroxidation, thus triggering oxidative stress. Complementarily, Cd caused differential changes in the selected amino acids: a promotion in partial amino acids might be a genotype-specific trait, while the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity increased in a dose-dependent manner in shoots. Furthermore, [rad]NO production as well as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase (GSNOR) activity were up-regulated by Cd with the simultaneous depletion of GSNO. Correspondingly, S-nitrosothiols were involved in generating peroxynitrite and tyrosine nitration of protein (NO2-Tyr), in accordance with the regulation of [rad]NO-mediated post-translational modifications in antioxidant systems, including the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, amino acids and phenolic compounds, thereby provoking nitrosative stress. Our data provide comprehensive evidences regarding the clear relationships between the metabolisms of ROS and RNS, supporting the indicator role of NO2-Tyr as a nitrosative stress in plants, and help to provide a better understanding of the ROS/RNS interaction under stress conditions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

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