Tiwari R.Singh V.K.RajneeshKumar A.Gautam V.Kumar R.2025-01-132025-01-132024978-044319350-718761623https://dl.bhu.ac.in/ir/handle/123456789/3459Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers stand as formidable tools within T cell biology, facilitating the exploration and comprehension of immune responses. These artificial molecules, comprising four bound MHC molecules, typically with a specified peptide and a fluorescent label, play a pivotal role in characterizing T cell subsets, monitoring clonal expansion, and unraveling T cell dynamics during responses to infections or immunotherapies. Beyond their applications in T cell biology, MHC tetramers prove valuable in investigating a spectrum of diseases such as infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Their instrumental role extends to vaccine research and development. Notably, when appropriately configured, tetramers transcend T cell biology research and find utility in exploring natural killer T cells and contributing to specific T cell clonal deletions. � 2024enClonal expansionImmune responseMajor histocompatibility complexTetramerVaccine researchArticle10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.002