Browsing by Author "Ashok Kumar Yadav"

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Biofertilizers-mediated sustainable plant growth and production under adverse environmental conditions
(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Swetika Porwal; Akhilesh Kumar Singh; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Sudhir Kumar; Paras Porwal
Globally, an unprecedented transformation in climatic conditions has substantially influenced the plants ability to adapt to changing climatic conditions. The alteration in the climatic environments has been caused owing to the combined outcome of increased population, urbanization, and globalization. The chemical-based fertilizers as well as pesticides were used to attain the maximum yield of crops because of limited land resources. However, continuous and over exploitation of these fertilizers, pesticides, and biocides cause detrimental impact on the plant health, productivity and soil texture (due to heavy metal contamination), including natural microbiota of the ecosystem (bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, protozoan in rhizosphere), and cause inequity in natural ecosystem. Consequently, there is an instant requirement towards the sustainable methodology for agriculture so as to not only overcome the issue of chemical fertilizers but also accomplish global food security for increasing population. This chapter is an attempt to summarize the various beneficial microbes as biofertilizers/biopesticide together with their role in improving the plant growth and yield under adverse environment. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
Detection and Management of Ergot Alkaloids and Their Therapeutic Applications
(CRC Press, 2022) Nabendu Debnath; Pooja Yadav; Shalini Arora; Ashok Kumar Yadav
The sclerotia are also broken and combined with flour during milling. Sometimes sclerotia of similar size to the grain are developed in dry climates that are even more difficult to remove. Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are nitrogen-based chemicals that are classified as indole alkaloids. Ergots are a group of metabolites produced by different fungal species. The bio-synthetic pathway of ergot formation involves different genes and proteins, although proteins involved in the ergot synthetic pathway vary according to different fungal species. Ergot ring formation is the shared process in all species. D-lysergic acid is the prime substrate for the formation of ergopeptines catalyzed by an enzymatic complex known as nonribosomal peptide synthetase. Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed recently published a report showing that mycotoxins are still the leading cause of food hazards. In addition to the toxic effects on human populations, animals are equally affected due to EA contamination. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract enriched shrikhand on Salmonella infected albino mice
(Dr. Nasir Akbar Mir, 2025) Ashok Kumar Yadav; Dinesh Chandra Rai; Aman Rathaur
Herbs have long been utilized as food flavor, preservatives, and medicinal ingredients. The current study investigated the effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) root extract enriched shrikhand on growth performance, blood lipid profile, liver enzyme activities, bacterial counts, serum immunoglobulin, and spleen lymphocyte activity in albino mice infected with Salmonella typhi. A total of 72 albino mice (20-25 days) were fed a basal diet for one week, followed by Salmonella infection. After one week, the mice were randomly distributed into three treatment groups for 23 days: T1 (basal diet), T2 (basal diet + 0.7 g/kg shrikhand), and T3 (basal diet + 0.7 g/ kg Ashwagandha root extract enriched shrikhand). Compared with the other treatment groups, the T3 group displayed the highest body weight, with no significant difference in feed intake across the treatments. However, compared to T1 group, the blood lipid profiles in the T2 and T3 groups significantly improved. Lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in mice fed Ashwagandha root extract-enriched shrikhand accompanied by increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Salmonella counts in the small intestine and fecal matter were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the T3 group than in T1 and T2 groups. Serum immunoglobulin and spleen lymphocytes and immunoglobulin production was significantly enhanced in T3 group compared to others. According to the results of the present study, the Ashwagandha root extract-enriched shrikhand has immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and lipid-lowering effects in Salmonella-infected mice, highlighting its potential application as a functional food for immune enhancement and infection management. © 2025, Dr. Nasir Akbar Mir. All rights reserved.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seed on Carcass Traits, Nutrient Utilization, Cost Economics and Blood Biochemistry in Broiler Chicken
(Indian journals, 2023) Aman Rathaur; Dinesh Chandra Rai; Ved Prakash; Ashok Kumar Yadav
A total of 200 male broiler chicks (Cobb 400) of one-day-old were fed a basal diet over a week. After one week, chicks were randomly allotted to five treatment groups in completely randomized design, i.e. one which were fed with the basal diet (control), and others fed with different levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) of safflower seed, respectively. Each treatment included five pens with eight chicks. The diet was formulated into two phases: starter phase (7-21d) and the finisher phase (22-42d). The carcass attributes were similar among the groups except abdominal fat. Abdominal fat was significant lower in treatment groups compared to control. The digestibility coefficient of crude fibre and crude protein was significantly different among the groups. Production cost of broiler birds was significantly different among the groups. Highest and lowest cost of live weight and dressed weight was found in 5% and 0% safflower seed groups, respectively. A significantly (P<0.01) increase in blood total protein and ALT levels in broilers fed with various levels of safflower seed was observed. The blood albumin, A:G ratio, creatinine and AST significantly (P<0.01) decreased with increasing levels of safflower in the diet. It was concluded that, safflower seed could be used as an oil seed source to decrease abdominal fat levels, improve nutrient utilization and blood biochemical parameters. © (2023), (Indian journals). All Rights Reserved.
Fumonisins in Food and Feed: Their Detection and Management Strategies
(CRC Press, 2022) Shubhangi Srivastava; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Mousumi Ghosh; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Madhu Kamle; Pooja Pandey; Sreemoyee Chakraborty; Pradeep Kumar
Contamination by fumonisins in agricultural crops and food-related products is affected by agro-climatic conditions. Cereals are the most often contaminated food categories. The fumonisin levels in popcorn or sweet corn, milk, meat, and eggs are generally low, while those in corn meal, bran, flour, grits, distiller grains, gluten, milling fractions, and baking mixes are quite high. Fumonisin dietary intake can result in a variety of negative consequences in agricultural and laboratory animals. From 1980-95, fumonisins were detected by thin layer chromatography on silica plates. After spraying the plate with p-anisaldehyde, followed by heating, the fumonisins develop as light to dark purple dots. Some chemical and physical methods for fumonisin reduction have been marketed entailing solvent extraction, sorting and flotation, detoxification by chemical alkalization. Mycotoxin adsorption methods have been adopted by the use of natural clay as adsorbent media in the food processing sector, resulting in the detoxification of food. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Growth performance, meat quality and hematological parameters of broiler chickens fed safflower seed
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Aman Rathaur; Dinesh Chandra Rai; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Pankaj Kumar Upadhyay; Vikas Patel; Uday Pratap Singh
The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of safflower seed (SS) on the growth performance and hematological parameters of broiler birds along with the physicochemical, textural and sensory attributes of chicken meat. A total of 200 male chickens (7-days-old) were distributed into 5 groups (40 chickens in each) with 5 replicates of 8 chicks in a 42-day experiment. Each group was allocated to one of 5 dietary treatments, i.e., 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% SS. The experimental diets were formulated for starter (7 to 21 days) and finisher (22 to 42 days) phases. Inclusion of SS in the diet improved growth performances in treatment groups between 7 and 42 days. The highest and lowest body weights were observed at the 5% SS and 0% SS levels, respectively. The physicochemical attributes of breast and thigh meat were found (P > 0.05) except for crude fat. The crude fat was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing levels of SS in the diet. The inclusion of SS in the diet did not negatively impact the textural properties, i.e., hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear force of breast and thigh meat. There was no significant difference in the sensory parameters of cooked chicken meat with increasing levels of SS in the diet. The results demonstrated a significant (P < 0.01) improvement in hematological parameters in the blood samples of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with various levels of SS for five weeks. These findings suggest that, SS may be used as an oil seed for broiler chicken feed. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.
Indian chronic kidney disease study: Design and methods
(Blackwell Publishing, 2017) Vivek Kumar; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Sishir Gang; Oommen John; Gopesh K. Modi; Jai Prakash Ojha; Rajendra Pandey; Sreejith Parameswaran; Narayan Prasad; Manisha Sahay; Santosh Varughese; Seema Baid-Agarwal; Vivekanand Jha
Aim: The rate and factors that influence progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in developing countries like India are unknown. A pan-country prospective, observational cohort study is needed to address these knowledge gaps. Methods: The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) study will be a cohort study of approximately 5000 patients with mild to moderate CKD presenting to centres that represent different geographical regions in India. Time to 50% decline in baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, need of renal replacement therapy or any new cardiovascular disease (CVD) event or death from CVD are the primary end points. Value of Study: This study will provide the opportunity to determine risk factors for CKD progression and development of CVD in Indian subjects and perform international comparisons to determine ethnic and geographical differences. A bio-repository will provide a chance to discover biomarkers and explore genetic risk factors. © 2016 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology
Insight of oral vaccines as an alternative approach to health and disease management: An innovative intuition and challenges
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Nabendu Debnath; Mony Thakur; Khushboo; Neelam P. Negi; Vibhav Gautam; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Deepak Kumar
Vaccination is the most suitable and persuasive healthcare program for the prohibition of various deadly diseases. However, the higher production cost and purification strategies are out of reach for the developing nations. In this scenario, development of edible vaccine turns out to be the most promising alternative for remodeling the pharmaceutical industry with reduced production and purification costs. Generally, oral route of vaccination is mostly preferred due to its safety, compliance, low manufacturing cost and most importantly the ability to induce immunity in both systemic and mucosal sites. Genetically modified microorganisms and plants could efficiently be used as vehicles for edible vaccines. Edible vaccines are supposed to reduce the risk associated with traditional vaccines. Currently, oral vaccines are available in the market for several viral and bacterial diseases like cholera, hepatitis B, malaria, rabies etc. Herein, the review focuses on the breakthrough events in the area of edible vaccines associated with dietary microbes and plants for better control over diseases. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Occurrence, Detection, and Management of T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin in Food and Feed
(CRC Press, 2022) Pooja Yadav; Nabendu Debnath; Shalini Arora; Ashok Kumar Yadav
Fungal species release several secondary metabolites, including plant growth promoters, antibiotics, plant pigments, and several types of toxins. In 1940, the term stachybotryotoxicosis was coined by Soviet scientists to explain a syndrome with symptoms such as pharyngitis, rhinorrhea, hyper-pnea, croak, and pyrexia resulting from expiration of the "Stachybotrys mycotoxin." T-2 toxin affects cereals such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, oats, and soy beans and their by-products and has a deleterious effect on human and animal well-being. T-2 toxin and its metabolites show acute symptoms to humans once ingested. The half-lives of the toxin and its breakdown compounds are usually very short, and they are removed from the body within 48 hours, but it depends on time, amount, and route of exposure. Maximum plasma concentration was reported in rodents. T-2 toxin has a thiol group, which facilitates inhibiting the crucial pathway of protein production by binding with peptidyl transferase enzyme and targets the 60s ribosomal unit, thus hindering translation process. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.
Prescription Practices in Patients With Mild to Moderate CKD in India
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Narayan Prasad; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Monica Kundu; Jasmin Sethi; Ajay Jaryal; Dipankar Sircar; Gopesh K. Modi; Kajal Kamboj; Manisha Sahay; Natarajan Gopalakrishnan; Prabhjot Kaur; Sanjay Vikrant; Santosh Varughese; Seema Baid-Agrawal; Shivendra Singh; Sishir Gang; Sreejith Parameswaran; Vivek Kumar; Arpita Ghosh; Vivekanand Jha
Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require multiple medications. There is no information on prescription patterns or the use of evidence-based therapies for management of CKD from low-middle-income countries. Using baseline data from the Indian CKD (ICKD) cohort, we describe the drug prescription practices in patients with mild to moderate CKD. Methods: The ICKD study is a prospective, observational cohort study of mild to moderate kidney disease across 11 centers in India. We analyzed all the prescriptions captured at enrollment in the ICKD study. Drugs were categorized into 11 different groups. We provide descriptive data on prescription details and evaluate the appropriateness of medication use. Results: Complete prescription data were available in 3966 out of 4056 (97.8%) subjects enrolled in the ICKD database. Most patients had stage 3 CKD, 24.9% had diabetic kidney disease, 87% had hypertension, and 25.5% had moderate to severe proteinuria. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers were prescribed in less than half (47.9%) and in 58.8% of patients with proteinuric CKD. Metformin was prescribed in 25.7% of diabetic subjects with CKD. Only 40.4% of patients were taking statins; 31.1% and 2.8% subjects with anemia were receiving iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, respectively. Conclusion: This study highlights the missed opportunities for improving outcomes through appropriate prescriptions of drugs in patients with CKD. There is need for dissemination of evidence-based guidelines and institution of sustainable implementation practices for improving the overall health of patients with CKD. © 2021 International Society of Nephrology
Process Optimization for the Development of Ashwagandha Root Extract Enriched Shrikhand Using Response Surface Methodology
(United Scientific Group, 2024) Ashok Kumar Yadav; Dinesh Chandra Rai; Aman Rathaur
Response surface methodology (RSM)'s central composite rotatable design (CCD) expert tool was used to optimize the "Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) enriched shrikhand" process. Different levels of chakka, powdered sugar and ARE for manufacturing of functional shrikhand has been optimized. The optimized input variables found were 0.742% for ARE, 29.16% for powdered sugar and 69.48% for chakka. Different sensory parameters were optimized by numerical approach methods and found to be 7.74 for color, 7.38 for flavor, 8.15 for sweet-ness and 7.97 for overall acceptability. The desirability of the selected finished product was found to be approximately 80.1%. The physico-chemical properties of ARE enriched shrikhand was 60.45% moisture, 8.40% protein, 15.92% fat, 60.26% total sugar, 0.79% ash, 1.4% acidity with pH 4.4. The optimized product has 81.40% DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) inhibition, 73.25% ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) activity, 53.68 mg/100 g total phenolic content (TPC) as gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 45.85 g firmness, 1000.97 consistency, 30.28% cohesiveness and 66.77 index of viscosity. © 2024 Yadav et al.
Renin-angiotensin blocker use is associated with improved cardiovascular mortality in Indian patients with mild-moderate chronic kidney disease—findings from the ICKD study
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Narayan Prasad; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Monica Kundu; Ajay Jaryal; Dipankar Sircar; Gopesh Modi; Manisha Sahay; Natarajan Gopalakrishnan; Sanjay Vikrant; Santosh Varughese; Seema Baid-Agrawal; Shivendra Singh; Sishir Gang; Sreejith Parameswaran; Arpita Ghosh; Vivek Kumar; Vivekanand Jha
Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are the antihypertensive drug class of choice in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Head-to-head comparisons of the renal or non-renal outcomes between ACEI/ARB users and nonusers have not been conducted in all population groups. We examined the renal and cardiovascular outcomes in users and nonusers enrolled in the Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) Study. Methods: A total of 4,056 patients with mild-moderate CKD were studied. Patients were categorized as ACEI/ARB users or nonusers. Major adverse kidney events [ESKD (end stage kidney disease), ≥50% decline in eGFR and kidney death], all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality were analyzed over a median follow-up period of 2.64 (1.40, 3.89) years between the two groups. Results: Out of a total of 4,056 patients, 3,487 (87%) were hypertensive. The adjusted sub-hazard ratio (SHR) and 95 % CI for ACEI /ARB users was 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) for MAKE, 0.80 (0.64, 0.99) for a 50% decline in eGFR, and 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) for ESKD. For cardiovascular mortality, ACEI/ARB users were at lower risk (SHR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.88). Diuretic users were at increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.50, 2.53) and cardiovascular mortality (adjusted SHR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.73). There was non-significant association between the use of other antihypertensives and any of the end points. Discussion: ACEI/ARB use is associated with slower rate of decline in eGFR in those with CKD stage 1-3. ACEI/ARB users had a significantly lower risk of renal outcomes, and cardiovascular mortality. Copyright © 2022 Prasad, Yadav, Kundu, Jaryal, Sircar, Modi, Sahay, Gopalakrishnan, Vikrant, Varughese, Baid-Agrawal, Singh, Gang, Parameswaran, Ghosh, Kumar and Jha.
Role of Enzymes in Biofuel Production
(wiley, 2021) Ashok Kumar Yadav; Surabhi Pandey; Abhishek Dutt Tripathi; Veena Paul
Biofuels represent an efficient and fruitful choice of traditionally available fossil fuels. The widely used and most appropriate conventional procedure of biofuel manufacturing from available plant oil has always been the transesterification reaction catalyzed by suitable alkali. Use of chemicals has been found to be recessive when compared with enzymatic reaction or biocatalyst. Enzymatic therapy has significant benefits compared to chemical production, because it requires low energy consumption, and the adverse effects of other substances are not possible with that, resulting in the formation of pure substances. As compared to ancient chemical processes, reactions with the help of enzymes had various advantages and benefits, such as sustainability and efficiency. Enzyme therapy has been found to be useful for broad-based commercial processes, such as pharmaceuticals, dairy, food industry, meat, and beverages industry, the fuel sector, and many more. Although there is need of further modifications in the reactivity, stability, and biocatalytic effect of efficient biocatalysts, advanced processes in the renewable energy field for the biofuel production and natural gas conversion are required. Viability of lipases, amylases, and now cellulases, xylanases, and mono-oxygenase is still extensively investigated for biofuel production. This chapter highlights the development of biocatalysis experiments on the production of alcohol-, biodiesel-, and hydrogen-based fuels. © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.
Study on Physico-Chemical and Microbial Quality of Raw Milk Collected from Different Places of Assi Region in Varanasi City, Varanasi
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2020) Pankaj Kumar Gupta; Dinesh Chandra Rai; Vinod Kumar Paswan; Rajendra Panta; Ashok Kumar Yadav
The present study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics including Adulteration and Microbiological quality of cow raw milk collected from four different places of ASSI region in Varanasi. Samples were analysed to know the chemical composition, the results showed that the statistically average percentage of Moisture (87.46), Fat (3.87), Protein (3.15), Lactose (4.42), Ash (.712), pH (6.43) and acidity (0.147). The keeping quality of milk was evaluated by Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT). This phenomenon testified that milk sample 1 is fair quality and remained sample were found good and excellent. The microbiological conclusion confirmed the presence (less or more) of microbial load in all the raw milk samples. The highest level of microbial quality in standard plate count (SPC) was 19.1×106 cfu/ml. in sample 1 and in logarithm value is 7.28 cfu/ml at the same time, the highest coliform bacteria 2.3×102 in logarithm value is 2.36 was found in the sample 2. The adulterations in raw milk were checked by the standard procedure. In cow’s raw milk the different mixed adulterant were found in two samples contaminated with detergent and pulverized soap. Besides different hazardous chemical adulterant, raw milk from sample 1 was detected with presence of hydrogen peroxide and sample 2 was contaminated formalin whereas urea was present in sample 2 and 4. Milk adulteration is a global concern and social problem. Increased demand, growth in competition in dairy industry and financial gain makes some producers to adulterate the milk thereby decreasing milk quality. © Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All Rights Reserved.
TECHNOLOGY OF PROTEIN RICH VEGETABLE BASED FORMULATED FOODS
(Apple Academic Press, 2017) Dinesh Chandra Rai; Ashok Kumar Yadav
[No abstract available]
The Health Benefits of Ghee: A Comparative Analysis of Ayurvedic and Modern Scientific Perspectives: A Review
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2025) Vishal Kumar; Akanksha; Saurabh Singh; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Sudhir Kumar; Aman Rathaur
The scientific perspective on dairy fats, including ghee, is evolving. In the past, dairy fats were thought to have adverse health effects, but recent research is revealing their functional benefits and the positive aspects of their fatty acids. This shift in scientific understanding has sparked interest in ghee, a clarified butter derived from milk, which holds cultural significance in India and plays a prominent role in Ayurvedic medicine. While modern scientific studies on ghee’s benefits are limited, Ayurvedic literature extensively documents its therapeutic potential, categorizing different types of ghee based on factors like milk source, manufacturing methodand maturation. To explore ghee’s therapeutic potential further, researchers conducted a review comparing Ayurvedic literature to modern scientific studies. These mentions were grouped into various health benefit clusters. While recent research emphasized cardiovascular health and skin benefits, Ayurveda, an ancient medical system, has emphasized cognitive benefits, gastrointestinal healthand overall nourishment. These aspects are gaining significance as the world’s population ages and chronic diseases become more common. As scientists work to address these health issues, they can look to the detailed descriptions in Ayurvedic texts. These texts provide information about the animal sources of ghee, how it is processedand how it is aged, as well as its associated health benefits. This knowledge could offer valuable insights for guiding future research efforts. Exploring ghee’s traditional usage and formulations could lead to new scientific discoveries and potentially innovative approaches to addressing modern health challenges. © 2025 Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.
The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) study: baseline characteristics
(Oxford University Press, 2022) Vivek Kumar; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Jasmine Sethi; Arpita Ghosh; Manisha Sahay; Narayan Prasad; Santosh Varughese; Sreejith Parameswaran; Natarajan Gopalakrishnan; Prabhjot Kaur; Gopesh K. Modi; Kajal Kamboj; Monica Kundu; Vivek Sood; Neeraj Inamdar; Ajay Jaryal; Sanjay Vikrant; Saurabh Nayak; Shivendra Singh; Sishir Gang; Seema Baid-Agrawal; Vivekanand Jha
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a lack of information on epidemiology and progression of CKD in low-middle income countries. The Indian Chronic Kidney Disease (ICKD) study aims to identify factors that associate with CKD progression, and development of kidney failure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Indian patients with CKD. Methods: ICKD study is prospective, multicentric cohort study enrolling patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15-60 mL/min/1.73 m2, or >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with proteinuria. Clinical details and biological samples are collected at annual visits. We analysed the baseline characteristics including socio-demographic details, risk factors, disease characteristics and laboratory measurements. In addition, we compared characteristics between urban and rural participants. Results: A total of 4056 patients have been enrolled up to 31 March 2020. The mean ± SD age was 50.3 ± 11.8 years, 67.2% were males, two-thirds of patients lived in rural areas and the median eGFR was 40 mL/min/1.73 m2. About 87% were hypertensive, 37% had diabetes, 22% had CVD, 6.7% had past history of acute kidney injury and 23% reported prior use of alternative drugs. Diabetic kidney disease, chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN) and CKD-cause unknown (CKDu) were the leading causes. Rural participants had more occupational exposure and tobacco use but lower educational status and income. CIN and unknown categories were leading causes in rural participants. Conclusions: The ICKD study is the only large cohort study of patients with mild-to-moderate CKD in a lower middle income country. Baseline characteristics of study population reveal differences as compared with other cohorts from high-income countries. © 2021 The Author(s) 2021.
Zearalenone in Food and Feed: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Detection, and Management Strategies
(CRC Press, 2022) Shikha Pandhi; Ashok Kumar Yadav; Vidhi Tyagi; S. Saloni; Akansha Gupta; Surabhi Pandey; Dipendra Kumar Mahato; Pradeep Kumar; Arun Kumar Pandey; Arvind Kumar
This chapter provides information on the many sources of zearalenone (ZEN), its presence in food and feed, and its biosynthesis mechanism, with an emphasis on the effect of processing on ZEN concentration, as well as detection and management strategies. Mycotoxins are widely found in a wide variety of plant-based agricultural commodities, including grains, nuts, fruits, vegetables, and forage. ZEN is a xenoestrogen, which are exogenous chemical compounds with a structure similar to naturally occurring estrogens. ZEN is produced via the acetate-polymalonate process, which results in a nonaketide precursor that is subsequently subjected to various cyclization and modifications. ZEN can be developed in maize when it is in the field, as well as during the time of storage, especially if stored with higher moisture content and if properly dried before storage. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are common molds that are responsible for zearalenone mycotoxin contamination in major cereals. © 2023 Pradeep Kumar, Madhu Kamle, and Dipendra Kumar Mahato.