Browsing by Author "Sanjeev Kumar Mahto"

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Advancements and new technologies in drug delivery system
(Springer Singapore, 2019) Ajay Kumar Sahi; Pooja Verma; Pallawi; Kameshwarnath Singh; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Drug delivery is defined as administration of drug component inside the body, and the system adopted for the same is known as drug delivery system. Advancements in the drug delivery system are gaining more attention and popularity due to the use of nanoformulations that enables efficient, effective and specific targeting of the drug. Several drug carriers such as liposomes, aptamers, quantum dots, peptide, polymers, metals and magnetic nanoparticlebased delivery are categorised as advanced generation drug delivery systems. The structural complexity of nano-based drug delivery system, e.g. nanocapsules, dendrimers, nanosponges, nanocrystals, nanogels and nanocapsules, provides high surface area for precise targeting in the field of cancer management and several other life-threatening diseases. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
Aluminium Oxide Thin-Film Based in Vitro Cell-Substrate Sensing Device for Monitoring Proliferation of Myoblast Cells
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Uvanesh Kasiviswanathan; Chelladurai Karthikeyan Balavigneswaran; Chandan Kumar; Suruchi Poddar; Satyabrata Jit; Neeraj Sharma; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
We demonstrate cell-substrate interaction on aluminium oxide thin-film in metal-insulator-metal structure followed by the change in dielectric characteristics of Al2O3 as a function of progression of cellular growth. The theoretical calculation of the fabricated biosensor reveals that the changes in the intrinsic elemental parameters are mainly attributed to the cell-induced behavioural changes. © 2002-2011 IEEE.
Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion: Stroke Model
(Springer Singapore, 2021) Chandra Kant Singh Tekam; Saksha Shinde; Ranjana Patnaik; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Ischemic stroke is a prime spawn of death, physical disability and imparts an immense socioeconomic burden for society. Despite, rigorous experimental and clinical research work over the past few decades, still, therapeutic options are scarce for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). It caused an increase in the percentage of ischemic patients in the ensuing years. One approach is to develop a better understanding of the brain’s cellular and molecular mechanisms to combat this harmful problem. One of the extensively used approaches for Brain-induced neuroprotection is ischemic preconditioning (IPC) or ischemic tolerance (IT). IPC is a non-harmful stimulus applied to the brain, which leads to interim resistance in the wake of ischemic insult. The IPC takes place in two different categories: initial IT, which lasts from a few minutes to a few hours after the IPC, and delayed IT, which takes a couple of hours to occur. Until now, the investigation has focused on delayed IT but the molecular mechanism of IT is largely unknown. This chapter aims to provide insight into Bilateral Common Carotid Aartery Occlusion (BCCAO) methodology and factors affecting the biological pathways in the course of neurodegeneration in rodents (mice and rats). © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Cell proliferation influenced by matrix compliance of gelatin grafted poly(D,L-Lactide) three dimensional scaffolds
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Chelladurai Karthikeyan Balavigneswaran; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Arun Kumar Mahanta; Rajshree Singh; Mahalingam Rajamanickam Vijayakumar; Biswajit Ray; Nira Misra
Surface and mechanical properties of the biomaterials are determinants of cellular responses. In our previous study, star-shaped poly(D,L-Lactide)-b-gelatin (ss-pLG) was reported for possessing improved cellular adhesion and proliferation. Here, we extended our investigation to establish the cellular compatibility of gelatin-grafted PDLLA with respect to mechanical properties of biological tissues. In this view, linear PDLLA-b-gelatin (l-pLG) was synthesized and tissue-level compatibility of 1-pLG and ss-pLG against fibroblasts (L929), myoblasts (C2C12) and preosteoblasts (MG-63) was examined. The cell proliferation of C2C12 was significantly higher within l-pLG scaffolds, whereas L929 showed intensified growth within ss-pLG scaffolds. The difference in cell proliferation may be attributed to the varying mechanical properties of scaffolds; where the stiffness of l-pLG scaffolds was notably higher than ss-pLG scaffolds, most likely due to the variable levels of gelatin grafting on the backbone of PDLLA. Therefore, gelatin grafting can be used to modulate mechanical property of the scaffolds and this study reveals the significance of the matrix stiffness to produce the successful 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
Chemical modification of poly(vinyl chloride) for blood and cellular biocompatibility
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015) Monika; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Snehashish Das; Amit Ranjan; Santosh Kumar Singh; Partho Roy; Nira Misra
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was modified with three different ionomers including thiosulphate, thiourea and sulphite for improving the biocompatibility of the polymer. All ionomers were prepared by nucleophilic substitution using a phase transfer catalyst method. The modified forms of PVC were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). They were found to be less stable thermally compared to the untreated polymer. The biocompatibility of the polymers was evaluated by assessing their wettability via contact angle measurements and by performing hemolysis and thrombogenicity assays. Their cellular biocompatibility was evaluated by assessing their adhesion and proliferation, and by carrying out cytotoxicity assays and nuclear staining. The results reveal that modification of the polymer with the specified ionomers significantly enhances the bio- and blood-compatibility properties. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Clinical Implications of Cortisol and Bioanalytical Methods for Their Determination in Various Biological Matrices
(Springer Singapore, 2020) Ajay Kumar Sahi; Neelima Varshney; Rakesh Kumar Sidu; Suruchi Poddar; Pallawi; Kameshwarnath Singh; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Advancement in lifestyle and exponential population growth have evoked competitiveness and struggle for survival, resulting in the elevated levels of physiological stress that notably shows correlation with the rising health disparities within the population. Sustained level of stress based on environmental factors, gender inequalities, competitiveness and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) for signalling an abnormal release of cortisol from cortex region of the adrenal gland. Although several biomolecules and hormones are known to be influenced by physiological stress, examining cortisol (a steroid hormone) is observed to be one of the potential clinical strategies to assess the levels of the stress. Cortisol level varies regularly during day-night cycles that eventually regulates circadian rhythm. Free form of cortisol can provide accurate and precise determination of stress and is a biomarker for early diagnosis of disorder; hence real time estimation of cortisol can be beneficial to overcome many health issues. Chromatographic techniques are the conventional technology used for cortisol determination; however they possess several limitations such as bulky and complex system, multi-step lengthy and expensive extraction and purification process as well as high limit of detection leading to superficial information. Nowadays, multiple detection techniques have been discovered which consist of high sensitivity, require less or no sample preparation, miniaturization, rapid quantification and easy to use with minimal limitations. Electrochemical immunosensors and bioelectronics integrated with microfluidic platforms started gaining attention recently due to their non-invasive, quick responsive, highly sensitive and portable nature with wearable features. Considering the testing devices either reported in the literature or available for clinical practices, there still remains some improvements and scope to develop miniaturized and wearable point-of-care diagnostics that may exhibit increased sensitivity performance, simple design and rapid fabrication. This book chapter attempts to highlight information regarding cortisol detection sources in the body, the available sensing techniques and the diagnostic devices. In addition, we focus on recent advancements in the biosensing strategies for cortisol detection in particular using microfluidic technology. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
Converting CO2into heterocyclic compounds under accelerated performance through Fe3O4-grafted ionic liquid catalysts
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022) Niraj K. Vishwakarma; Shikha Singh; Sambhav Vishwakarma; Ajay Kumar Sahi; Vijay Kumar Patel; Shiva Kant; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Solid supported catalysts such as amines are in high demand for the chemical fixation of CO2 into commodity chemicals. Here, we demonstrate an accelerated platform for 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-ionic liquid (IL) catalyzed CO2 fixation via the grafting of DBU-ILs over magnetically separable Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs). The DBU-ILs were covalently immobilized over Fe3O4 MNPs utilizing the thio-ene reaction of allyl-DBU with -SH modified Fe3O4 MNPs. The DBU-IL-grafted Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@DBU-ILs) materials were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). TEM revealed that the MNPs have a spherical structure with a particle size of 12-20 nm. VSM showed the gradual decrease in magnetization after stepwise grafting from Fe3O4 to Fe3O4@DBU-ILs. The efficacy of the two different Fe3O4@DBU-ILs, Fe3O4@[HDBU+][TFE-] and Fe3O4@[HDBU+][AcO-] prepared by neutralization of Fe3O4@DBU with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and acetic acid (AcOH), was investigated by simultaneous fixation of CO2 into the important heterocyclic compounds quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and benzimidazolone. This approach shows excellent recyclability with a nominal decrease (2-3%) in product yields after each cycle. In particular, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping of Fe3O4@[HDBU+][TFE-] used for five cycles demonstrated significant leaching of TFE. Interestingly, after retreatment with TFE, Fe3O4@[HDBU+][TFE-] showed a similar yield to that of a fresh catalyst. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Current Advances in Nanotheranostics for Molecular Imaging and Therapy of Cardiovascular Disorders
(American Chemical Society, 2023) Aseem Setia; Abhishesh Kumar Mehata; Vishnu Priya; Datta Maroti Pawde; Dharmendra Jain; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Madaswamy S. Muthu
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to a collection of conditions characterized by abnormalities in the cardiovascular system. They are a global problem and one of the leading causes of mortality and disability. Nanotheranostics implies to the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities inside a single nanoscale platform that has allowed for significant advancement in cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy. These advancements are being developed to improve imaging capabilities, introduce personalized therapies, and boost cardiovascular disease patient treatment outcomes. Significant progress has been achieved in the integration of imaging and therapeutic capabilities within nanocarriers. In the case of cardiovascular disease, nanoparticles provide targeted delivery of therapeutics, genetic material, photothermal, and imaging agents. Directing and monitoring the movement of these therapeutic nanoparticles may be done with pinpoint accuracy by using imaging modalities such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), photoacoustic/ultrasound, and fluorescence imaging. Recently, there has been an increasing demand of noninvasive for multimodal nanotheranostic platforms. In these platforms, various imaging technologies such as optical and magnetic resonance are integrated into a single nanoparticle. This platform helps in acquiring more accurate descriptions of cardiovascular diseases and provides clues for accurate diagnosis. Advances in surface functionalization methods have strengthened the potential application of nanotheranostics in cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy. In this Review, we have covered the potential impact of nanomedicine on CVDs. Additionally, we have discussed the recently developed various nanoparticles for CVDs imaging. Moreover, advancements in the CMR, CT, PET, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging for the CVDs have been discussed. We have limited our discussion to nanomaterials based clinical trials for CVDs and their patents. © 2023 American Chemical Society.
Effects of endometriosis, fibroids, and other pathological conditions on muscular contractions in the human fallopian tube
(Oxford University Press, 2025) Richa S. Singh; Sakshi Agarwal; Parul Sharma; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Background: Ectopic pregnancy and tubal endometriosis directly affect the fallopian tube structure and function, while ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids may indirectly influence tubal physiology. These conditions are associated with infertility, but their impact on fallopian tube mechanical contractions remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of these pathologies on fallopian tube contractility. Method: Ampulla samples were obtained from women undergoing salpingectomy for benign causes. Based on the menstrual phases, samples were divided into two groups: proliferative (normal proliferative, tubal endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and uterine fibroids) and secretory (normal secretory and ectopic pregnancy). Normal proliferative considered control for the proliferative group, while normal secretory for the ectopic pregnancy. Contractile parameters, maximum contractile force, basal tone, frequency, and amplitude were measured using an isometric force transducer, while in another set of experiments; the oxytocin doses (1 and 10 μM) response was assessed. Smooth muscle organization and structural changes were analyzed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Result: Compared to the normal proliferative, the tubal endometriosis and ovarian cysts groups showed significantly lower maximum contractile force, basal tone, frequency, and amplitude, along with damaged smooth muscle layers, while uterine fibroids showed decreased frequency and amplitude, with organized muscle structure. Ectopic pregnancy showed higher maximum contractile force and basal tone than normal secretory, with increased frequency and amplitude and disorganized smooth muscle. Oxytocin increased contractility at 1 μM and reduced it at 10 μM in most groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that fallopian tube contractions and tissue structure were differentially affected across groups, with increased contractility observed in the ectopic pregnancy group and reduced contractility in the uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and tubal endometriosis groups. © The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Reproduction. All rights reserved.
Effects of extremely low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields on vital organs of adult Wistar rats and viability of mouse fibroblast cells
(Oxford University Press, 2025) Chandra Kant Singh Tekam; Shreyasi Majumdar; Pooja Kumari; Santosh Kumar Prajapati; Ajay Kumar Sahi; Richa S. Singh; Sairam Krishnamurthy; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
In recent years, scientific communities have been concerned about the potential health effects of periodic electromagnetic field exposure (≤1 h/d). The objective of our study is to determine the impact of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMF) (1-3 mT, 50 Hz) on mouse fibroblast (red fluorescent protein (RFP)-L929) cells and adult Wistar rats to gain a comprehensive understanding of biological effects. We observed that RFP-L929 exhibits no significant changes in cell proliferation and morphology but mild elevation in aspartate aminotransferases, alanine aminotransferases, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, and creatine kinase-myocardial band levels in ELF-PEMF exposed groups under in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, the histological examination showed no significant alterations in tissue structure and morphologies. Our result suggests that 50-Hz ELF-PEMF exposure (1-3 mT, 50 Hz) with duration (<1 h/d) can trigger mild changes in biochemical parameters, but it is insufficient to induce any pathological alterations. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Fabrication and Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Psyllium Husk (Isabgol)/Gelatin Composite Scaffolds
(Humana Press Inc., 2019) Suruchi Poddar; Piyush Sunil Agarwal; Ajay Kumar Sahi; Kiran Yellappa Vajanthri; Pallawi; K.N. Singh; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Psyllium husk or isabgol contains xylan backbone linked with arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid units (arabinoxylans). In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of a macroporous three-dimensional (3D) composite scaffold by mixing psyllium husk powder (PH) and gelatin (G) in different ratios, viz.100 PH, 75/25 PH/G, and 50/50 PH/G (w/w), using an EDC-NHS coupling reaction followed by freeze-drying method. The reaction was performed in aqueous as well as in alcoholic media to determine the most appropriate solvent system for this purpose. The mechanical strength of the scaffold system was improved from 151 to 438 kPa. The fabricated scaffolds exhibited enhanced structural stability, remarkable swelling capacity, and escalated cell growth and proliferation. ATR-FTIR analysis showed the presence of amide and ester bonds indicating covalent crosslinking. SEM micrographs revealed the porous nature of the scaffolds with pores ranging from 30 to 150 μm, and further pore size distribution curve indicated that 75/25 PH/G (w/w%) EDC-NHS-alcohol scaffold exhibited the best fit to the Gaussian distribution. Swelling capacity of the 100 PH EDC-NHS-alcohol scaffolds was found to be nearly 40% from its original weight in 48 h. MTT assay using fibroblast cells revealed ~ 80% cellular proliferation by 6th day within the fabricated scaffolds in comparison to control. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Fabrication and in vivo characterization of FRESH-based 3D printed chitosan construct for small intestine regeneration
(Institute of Physics, 2025) Parul Chaurasia; Richa S. Singh; Rishabh Rai Kaushik; Narayan Yadav; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
This study demonstrates the implantation of a 3D printed small intestine (SI) construct using alkali-dissolved chitosan ink and freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels bioprinting technology. The research addresses the significant clinical challenges posed by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and short bowel syndrome (SBS), which often require surgical interventions leading to substantial loss of SI surface area. High costs, side effects, and donor shortages limit traditional treatments such as total parenteral nutrition and small bowel transplantation. Therefore, developing an engineered artificial intestine represents a critical need. The 3D printed constructs were evaluated through mechanical characterization, blood biocompatibility tests, antibacterial assays, and SI regenerative capacity. The mechanical properties indicated the constructs’ ability to withstand significant deformation, while the blood compatibility tests showed minimal hemolysis and blood coagulation, supporting the material’s suitability for implantation. Antibacterial tests revealed that the constructs could inhibit bacterial growth, reducing the risk of implant-associated infections. Following the implantation of the prepared constructs in rats, the post-implantation analysis indicated successful integration and biocompatibility with no significant adverse reactions. The biochemical parameters, like inflammatory markers, were slightly higher than the normal range. All other parameters, like bilirubin and albumins, etc, were in the normal range. This study highlights the potential of 3D printed chitosan-based constructs in organ regeneration and presents a promising solution for treating SBS and IBD. The findings support further exploration of the fabricated 3D printed biocompatible materials for medical applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. © 2025 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.
Freeze-Thaw-Induced Physically Cross-linked Superabsorbent Polyvinyl Alcohol/Soy Protein Isolate Hydrogels for Skin Wound Dressing: In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization
(American Chemical Society, 2022) Neelima Varshney; Ajay Kumar Sahi; Suruchi Poddar; Niraj K. Vishwakarma; Gauri Kavimandan; Archisha Prakash; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
In this work, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)- and soy protein isolate (SPI)-based scaffolds were prepared by physical cross-linking using the freeze-thaw method. The PVA/SPI ratio was varied to examine the individual effects of the two constituents. The physicochemical properties of the fabricated scaffolds were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The SPI concentration significantly affected the properties of scaffolds, such as the extent of gelation (%), pore size, porosity, degradation, swelling, and surface wettability. The in vitro degradation of fabricated hydrogels was evaluated in phosphate-buffered saline and lysozyme solution for a duration of 14 days. The in vitro compatibility of prepared hydrogels was evaluated by the MTT assay with NIH-3T3 cells (fibroblast). The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) assays showed that all hydrogels possessed WVTR values in the range of 2000-2500 g m-2 day-1, which is generally recommended for ideal wound dressing. Overall, the obtained results reveal that the fabricated scaffolds have excellent biocompatibility, mechanical strength, porosity, stability, and degradation rate and thus carry enormous potential for tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, a full-thickness wound healing study performed in rats supported them as a promising wound dressing material. © 2022 American Chemical Society.
FRESH-based 3D bioprinting of complex biological geometries using chitosan bioink
(Institute of Physics, 2024) Parul Chaurasia; Richa Singh; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Traditional three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has always been associated with the challenge of print fidelity of complex geometries due to the gel-like nature of the bioinks. Embedded 3D bioprinting has emerged as a potential solution to print complex geometries using proteins and polysaccharides-based bioinks. This study demonstrated the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) 3D bioprinting method of chitosan bioink to 3D bioprint complex geometries. 4.5% chitosan was dissolved in an alkali solvent to prepare the bioink. Rheological evaluation of the bioink described its shear-thinning nature. The power law equation was fitted to the shear rate-viscosity plot. The flow index value was found to be less than 1, categorizing the material as pseudo-plastic. The chitosan bioink was extruded into another medium, a thermo-responsive 4.5% gelatin hydrogel. This hydrogel supports the growing print structures while printing. After this, the 3D bioprinted structure was crosslinked with hot water to stabilize the structure. Using this method, we have 3D bioprinted complex biological structures like the human tri-leaflet heart valve, a section of a human right coronary arterial tree, a scale-down outer structure of the human kidney, and a human ear. Additionally, we have shown the mechanical tunability and suturability of the 3D bioprinted structures. This study demonstrates the capability of the chitosan bioink and FRESH method for 3D bioprinting of complex biological models for biomedical applications. © 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Gelatin grafted poly(D,L-lactide) as an inhibitor of protein aggregation: An in vitro case study
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2020) Chelladurai Karthikeyan Balavigneswaran; Gaurav Kumar; Chandrasekaran Vignesh Kumar; Satheeshkumar Sellamuthu; Uvanesh Kasiviswanathan; Biswajit Ray; Vignesh Muthuvijayan; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Nira Misra
Amyloids are a group of proteins that are capable of forming aggregated amyloid fibrils, which is responsible for many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In our previous study, synthesis and characterization of star-shaped poly(D,L-lactide)-b-gelatin (ss-pLG) have been reported. In the present work, we have extended our work to study ss-pLG against protein aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the inhibition of amyloid fibrillation by protein grafted poly(D,L-lactide). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as the model protein, which readily forms fibril under high temperature. We found that ss-pLG efficiently suppressed the fibril formation of BSA compared with gelatin (Gel), which was supported by Thioflavin T assay, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, ss-pLG significantly curtailed amyloid-induced hemolysis. We also found that incubation of ss-pLG with neuroblastoma cells (MC65) protected the cells from fibril-induced toxicity. The rescuing efficiency of ss-pLG was better than Gel, which could be attributed to the reduced lamella thickness in branched ss-pLG. These results suggest the significance of gelatin grafting, which probably allows gelatin to interact with the key residues of the amyloidogenic core of BSA effectively. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
GPIIb/IIIa Receptor Targeted Rutin Loaded Liposomes for Site-Specific Antithrombotic Effect
(American Chemical Society, 2023) Vishnu Priya; Sanjeev K. Singh; Ravindran Revand; Sandip Kumar; Abhishesh Kumar Mehata; Paulraj Sushmitha; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Madaswamy S. Muthu
Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid obtained from a natural source and is reported for antithrombotic potential, but its delivery remains challenging because of its poor solubility and bioavailability. In this research, we have fabricated novel rutin loaded liposomes (RUT-LIPO, nontargeted), liposomes conjugated with RGD peptide (RGD-RUT-LIPO, targeted), and abciximab (ABX-RUT-LIPO, targeted) by ethanol injection method. The particle size, ζ potential, and morphology of prepared liposomes were analyzed by using DLS, SEM, and TEM techniques. The conjugation of targeting moiety on the surface of targeted liposomes was confirmed by XPS analysis and Bradford assay. In vitro assessment such as blood clot assay, aPTT assay, PT assay, and platelet aggregation analysis was performed using human blood which showed the superior antithrombotic potential of ABX-RUT-LIPO and RGD-RUT-LIPO liposomes. The clot targeting efficiency was evaluated by in vitro imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A significant (P < 0.05) rise in the affinity of targeted liposomes toward activated platelets was demonstrated that revealed their remarkable potential in inhibiting thrombus formation. Furthermore, an in vivo study executed on Sprague Dawley rats (FeCl3model) demonstrated improved antithrombotic activity of RGD-RUT-LIPO and ABX-RUT-LIPO compared with pure drug. The pharmacokinetic study performed on rats demonstrates the increase in bioavailability when administered as liposomal formulation as compared to RUT. Moreover, the tail bleeding assay and clotting time study (Swiss Albino mice) indicated a better antithrombotic efficacy of targeted liposomes than control preparations. Additionally, biocompatibility of liposomal formulations was determined by an in vitro hemolysis study and cytotoxicity assay, which showed that they were hemocompatible and safe for human use. A histopathology study on rats suggested no severe toxicity of prepared liposomal formulations. Thus, RUT encapsulated nontargeted and targeted liposomes exhibited superior antithrombotic potential over RUT and could be used as a promising carrier for future use. © 2023 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
High-manganese and nitrogen stabilized austenitic stainless steel (Fe-18Cr-22Mn-0.65N): A material with a bright future for orthopedic implant devices
(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2021) Chandra Shekhar Kumar; Gaurav Singh; Suruchi Poddar; Neelima Varshney; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Arijit Saha Podder; Kausik Chattopadhyay; Amit Rastogi; Vakil Singh; Girija Shankar Mahobia
The rationale behind the success of nickel free or with extremely low nickel austenitic high manganese and nitrogen stabilized stainless steels is adverse influences of nickel ion on human body. Replacement of nickel by nitrogen and manganese provides a stable microstructure and facilitates better biocompatibility in respect of the conventional 316L austenitic stainless steel (316L SS). In this investigation, biocompatibility of the high-manganese and nitrogen stabilized (Fe-18Cr-22Mn-0.65N) austenitic stainless steel was studied and found highly promising. In vitro cell culture and cell proliferation (MTT) assays were performed on this stainless steel and assessed in respect of the 316L SS. Both the steels exhibited similar cell growth behavior. Furthermore, an enhancement was observed in cell proliferation on the Fe-18Cr-22Mn-0.65N SS after surface modification by ultrasonic shot peening (USP). The mean percent proliferation of the MG-63 cells increased from ≈88% for Un-USP to 98% and 105% for USP 3-2 and USP 2-2 samples, respectively for 5 d of incubation. Interestingly, in vivo animal study performed in rabbits for 3 and 6 weeks showed callus formation and sign of union without any allergic reaction. © 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd.
In vitro biocompatibility analysis of functionalized poly(vinyl chloride)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018) Monika Singh; Rajesh Kumar Singh; Santosh Kumar Singh; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto; Nira Misra
The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of functionalized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites. The biocompatibility of the LDH-based nanocomposites of thiosulphate PVC (TS-PVC), thiourea PVC (TU-PVC) and sulphite PVC (S-PVC) was assessed via haemolysis and thrombogenicity tests followed by the analysis of cellular adhesion and proliferation. The MTT assay was performed on cells in direct contact with the polymeric nanocomposites to evaluate the side effects of the biomaterials. The cellular morphology of mouse mesenchymal stem cells was also analyzed after incubation with direct contact with the functionalized polymer nanocomposites for different time periods. Although the results of the haemolysis test displayed a positive influence of LDH on the functionalized PVC compared to the neat PVC, the thrombogenic property was observed to be notably decreased, which indicated improved blood compatibility. The resulting LDH samples were also studied for their performance via fluorescence imaging of cells after incubation with the materials. The LDH-based polymers exhibited an excellent level of cytocompatibility, which validates their use as biomaterials. PVC-TU/LDH-2 and PVC-S-2 were found to be notably less cytotoxic for the tested cell type. Also, the cells were found to adhere better to the entire PVC-S/LDH nanocomposite surface. The cytotoxicity test also revealed that the PVC-TU/LDH and PVC-S/LDH nanocomposites exhibited similar responses. The fluorescence-based image analysis showed that cells were spread much more on the polymer surface containing a higher LDH weight percentage. Overall, this study provides a benchmark for the biocompatibility properties of PVC/LDH nanocomposites, which may be useful for numerous applications in the biomedical and related areas. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Optimization of Printability Parameters of Chitosan Ink for Microextrusion-based 3D Bioprinting
(Society for Biomaterials and Artificial Organs - India, 2025) Parul Chaurasia; Rishabh Rai Kaushik; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
Chitosan as a 3D printing material has been explored extensively. The viscosity of the lower concentration of the material is unsuitable for microextrusion-based 3D printing, whereas higher concentrations are associated with needle clogging and high extrusion pressure requirements, limiting its application for tissue engineering and high-resolution printing. We prepared the low concentration chitosan ink and gelled it using heat treatment to optimize the printing parameters. This study aims to optimize printability parameters for microextrusion-based 3D printing using heat-treated chitosan ink dissolved in an alkali solvent. Various concentrations of heated chitosan ink (1-4%) were prepared and analyzed for their rheological and mechanical properties. The ink exhibited shear thinning behavior, crucial for extrusion-based printing. Rheological analysis indicated that higher concentrations (2.5% and 3%) had viscosities suitable for filament formation. Mechanical characterization demonstrated that higher chitosan concentrations provided better compressive strength, with 4% chitosan exhibiting the highest strength. The study also optimized printing parameters such as extrusion pressure, layer height, and print speed. Emphasizing the importance of ink concentration and extrusion parameters, the study found that 4% chitosan ink at 35°C is optimal for maintaining structural integrity in 3D printed constructs. These findings underscore the necessity of optimizing ink concentration and printing parameters to achieve high-quality 3D printed constructs suitable for biomedical applications. © (2025) Society for Biomaterials & Artificial Organs #20008625.
Oviduct contractility in non-pregnant rats: changes in estrous cycle and effects of estrogen and progesterone antagonists
(BioScientifica Ltd., 2025) Richa S. Singh; Parul Sharma; Shristi Modanwal; Himanshu Ranjan; Amaresh Kumar Singh; Sakshi Agarwal; Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
This study aimed to systematically characterize oviduct contractility across the estrous cycle and to examine the regulatory roles of estradiol and progesterone using receptor antagonists and molecular docking to explore both receptor-mediated and ion channel pathways. Female Wistar rats (n = 48) were used for this purpose. Oviducts were collected during proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus, and spontaneous contractions were recorded using an isometric force transducer. Serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To understand hormonal regulation, tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) was administered during proestrus, and mifepristone (5 mg/kg) was administered during metestrus. Immunofluorescence (IF) study was performed to evaluate expression of the estrogen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptors (ER, PR, and GR). Molecular docking analysis assessed interactions of the antagonists with estrogen and progesterone receptors and ion channels. Oviduct contractility was observed noticeably highest during proestrus (high estradiol) and lowest in metestrus and diestrus phases (high progesterone). Tamoxifen significantly reduced contraction parameters (P < 0.001) and estradiol levels, while mifepristone notably increased contraction force (P < 0.01), elevated estradiol levels (P < 0.001), and decreased the proportion of progesterone hormone. The IF study indicated suppression of ER, PR, and GR expression following treatment with mifepristone. Docking analysis revealed that tamoxifen interacted with potassium channels and ERβ, while mifepristone showed high affinity for PR, GR, and calcium channels. These findings highlight that oviduct contractility is dynamically regulated across the estrous cycle through both receptor-mediated and potential non-receptor and non-genomic pathways involving ion channels. © 2025 the author(s)