Browsing by Author "Subhadip Paul"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 10

Bio-priming with Trichoderma Enhanced Faster Reserve Mobilization in Germinating Soybean Cotyledons under Graded Macronutrients
(Springer, 2023) Subhadip Paul; Amitava Rakshit
The study highlighted the effect of seed bio-priming with Trichoderma viride upon degradation of stored foods, total phenol content, and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in cotyledons of germinating soybean (Glycine max var. JS 95-60) under graded NPK application. The germination was carried out in Petri dish and soil, separately. Observations were monitored for two days (day 3 and day 5). We estimated hydrolysis of starch, lipid, and protein by measuring the activities of α-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1], β-amylase [EC 3.2.1.2], lipase [EC 3.1.1.3], and leucine Aminopeptidase [EC 3.4.11.1], respectively. Total NPK in cotyledons were obtained by acid-digestion. The free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation were performed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, respectively, to perceive anti-oxidant potential of phenol. We found strong influence of bio-priming on the activities of lipase, α-amylase, and β-amylase that degraded stored lipid and transient starch faster than non-primed seeds. Protein hydrolysis was moderately affected by induced leucine aminopeptidase activities and found significantly higher in bio-primed seeds on day 5. Elevated phenols (P < 0.05) in bio-primed cotyledons were able to diminish the lipid peroxidation with higher (P < 0.05) radical scavenging activities. During both days, higher K contents were found in bio-primed cotyledons but the concentrations of N and P were found significantly higher in bio-primed treatments only on day 5. The combined effect from all these has resulted in faster and vigorous germination of Trichoderma viride treated soybean seeds than non-primed ones. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Classification and Functional Characteristics of Urban Soil
(Springer Nature, 2022) Subhadip Paul; Amitava Rakshit
Rapid urbanization in developed as well as developing countries has put much impact on their soil properties. Urban soils are very diverse in nature, depending on the complexity of human interventions. The properties of these uncharacterized altered soils are the result of purposeful and intensive anthropogenic activities. Classification of these soils was initiated for generating the soil morphogenetic information, mapping, and its ecosystem functioning. At first, the alteration of soil properties was considered a deviation from natural soil formation processes, but later on, anthropogenic factor (a) was introduced into Jenny’s existing five-factor model to commence the urban soil classification framework. With the objective of urban soil mapping, the International Committee on Anthropogenic Soils (ICOMANTH) grouped these soils at the Subgroup and Family levels under Soil Taxonomy. By taking into consideration Soil Taxonomy and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) map legends, the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) categorized urban soils into two reference soil groups: Anthrosols and Technosols. Later on, the Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Mining, and Military Areas (SUITMAs) generalized the functional characteristics of these soils to correlate their role with urban ecosystem functioning. These classifications and altered characteristics can help city planners formulate urban agricultural policies. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
Effect of Seed Bio-priming with Trichoderma viride Strain BHU-2953 for Enhancing Soil Phosphorus Solubilization and Uptake in Soybean (Glycine max)
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Subhadip Paul; Amitava Rakshit
The main objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma viride BHU-2953 as a single inoculant during seed-priming to enhance phosphorus (P) uptake in soybean. A pot experiment was conducted, taking six treatments, in a completely randomized block design to assess the P uptake, root length, apparent phosphorus recovery (APR), rhizospheric phosphatase activity, pH, soil-P status, dehydrogenase activity, and fungal colony-forming unit (CFU g−1) in three different soybean growth stages through seed-priming with T. viride along with graded fertilizer P-doses. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher soil phosphatase activity, dehydrogenase activity, CFU of T. viride, and P-content in soybean vegetative parts were observed in bio-primed treatments as compared to control and RDF (full recommended dose of P-fertilizer without seed-priming), while seed-P (%), APR (%), and root lengths of RDF were found significantly (P < 0.05) lower than bio-primed soybeans with 90% RDF but were at par with 80% RDF. Higher positive correlations between CFU and acid phosphatase (R2 = 0.89, 0.9, and 0.89; P < 0.05) and between CFU and alkaline phosphatase activities (R2 = 0.98, 0.96, and 0.97; P < 0.05) at 30, 50, and 75 DAS indicate that T. viride mediated higher soil phosphatase activities. Higher P-recoveries of bio-primed soybeans, received 90% and 80% RDF, were achieved mainly due to soil applied-P solubilization through enhanced acid phosphatase activities along with better soil exploration by plant roots. Thus, seed-priming with T. viride BHU-2953 can reduce up to 20% of the recommended P-dose in soybeans. © 2021, Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo.
Enriching soybean with two soil macronutrients through boosting root proliferation with Trichoderma viride
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Subhadip Paul; Jeet Roy; Amitava Rakshit
Owing to ineffective biological nitrogen (N) fixation, and imbalanced doses of N and potassium (K) fertilization, soybean productivity is declining under intensive cropping practices. This study aimed to find out the effectiveness of Trichoderma viride priming on soybean root growth promotion, and enhancement of soil-N and K uptakes under graded fertilization. Soybean seeds were treated with freshly prepared T. viride BHU-2953 talc. Root lignification, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, and activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) were determined to observe root growth-promoting activities. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate root volume, and soil exploration by roots, i.e., the potential volume of influence (PVI), uptakes of N and K, and different physiological attributes at different growth periods of soybean. Results revealed that biopriming enhanced the root lignification, IAA, and ACCD, assisting more soil volume exploration (PVI) for better N and K acquisitions. Biopriming increased the plant biomasses which ultimately, led to more seed yield than untreated soybeans, receiving even higher N-K doses. The PVI correlated well with root volume (r 2 = 0.95; P < 0.01), explaining good soil-nutrient foraging by bioprimed soybeans. Hence, we conclude that T. viride priming can enhance the N and K uptakes in soybeans under graded soil fertilization. © 2024, German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Evaluating Lignification, Antioxidative Defense, and Physiochemical Changes in Soybean Through Bio-Priming Under Graded Soil Fertilization
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Subhadip Paul; Amitava Rakshit
Our objective was to evaluate the Trichoderma viride BHU-2953 seed priming on stem lignification, antioxidant enzyme activity, and changes in soybean physiological attributes under graded nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) application. Pot experiment was conducted by allocating six treatments in completely randomized design. Stem lignification, enzyme activities of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and different plant physiochemical parameters were evaluated at different growth stages. Bio-priming enhanced the stem CAD and POD activities, causing vascular lignin deposition as a result of more root colonization by T. viride BHU-2953. Inflated leaf APX activities in primed treatments reduced the harmful effect of H2O2, generated from increased leaf SOD activities. Similarly, lipid peroxidation was minimized in bio-primed leaves, alleviating the stress from graded NPK doses. Longer root lengths in bio-primed soybeans improved the physiological use efficiency (PUE) of N and P. Higher PUE in T. viride BHU-2953-treated soybeans were able to enhance plant height, dry matter accumulation, and leaf area as compared to untreated ones. Seed yields of bio-primed soybeans were found higher than control but similar as compared to treatment only received recommended doses of fertilizers. Inoculation of T. viride BHU-2953 has positively influenced activities of APX, SOD, CAD, POD, and root length, triggering antioxidant defense responses, vascular lignification, and PUEs of nutrients, respectively. Thus, application of our findings can be highly encouraged by low input sustainable crop production. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo.
Optimizing Solar Photovoltaic Cells: Improving Green Energy Harvest for Agriculture
(Springer Nature, 2023) Subhadip Paul; Amitava Rakshit
Replacement of fossil fuel-based energy sources in agriculture becomes necessary because of its restricted supply and impact on the environment. In this aspect, different renewable energy sources have been analyzed for good alternatives. Solar energy has gained more attention among these renewable energy sources. The photovoltaic cells harness this solar energy and convert them into electricity. Global market is mainly dominated by silicon-based photovoltaic cells because of its cheapness and high electricity production efficiency. However, it lacks more spectral regions for capturing photons. Scientists have taken heed on enhancing the silicon cells’ spectral region to increase the photon capture. Three spectral conversion processes, namely, upconversion, downconversion, and downshifting, have been performed in developing revolutionary photovoltaic cells that have geared up the efficiency of silicon-based solar cells. Lanthanides are very promising luminescent elements, used as dopants in these spectral conversion processes. These advanced technologies can provide more electricity for sustainable farm operations while curbing the greenhouse gas emission. Hence, the upgraded solar cells held an outstanding potential to supply power for precision farming. Still, challenges remain to remove the barriers among laboratory results, broad-scale farm application, knowledge of environmental concerns, and economy. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
Soil health in cropping systems: An overview
(Springer Singapore, 2019) Subhadip Paul; Neha Chatterjee; J.S. Bohra; S.P. Singh; D. Dutta; Rajesh Kumar Singh; Amitava Rakshit
Soil health has existed as an integrative property that reveals the capability of soil to react to agricultural interference, so that it persistently supports mutually the agricultural production and the stipulation of other ecosystem services. The key confrontation within sustainable soil management is to safeguard the ecosystem service besides optimizing agricultural yields. It is anticipated that soil health is reliant on the preservation of four foremost functions: carbon alterations, biogeochemistry mediated nutrient cycles, soil structure continuance and the directive of pests and diseases controlled by cropping system. Every one of these functions is marked as a comprehensive of a variety of biological processes provided by a multiplicity of interacting soil organisms under the authority of the abiotic soil upbringing which dictate assessment and management of soil health. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
Trichoderma as a potent bioprimer for horticultural crops
(Elsevier, 2024) Jayesh Singh; Subhadip Paul; Prabhakar Barnwal; Sweta Kumari; Deepranjan Sarkar; Manoj Parihar; Vijay Singh Meena; Amitava Rakshit
In current changing agricultural production system increased use of agrochemicals to prevent plant diseases, pests for enhancing the crop production has become a major concern. The current farming practices are having significant impact on pest and disease resurgence, reduced soil organic carbon leading to degraded soil health, and has detrimental effects on ecosystem. Therefore, one of the feasible alternatives is microbial intervention in crop production. Numerous bacteria and fungi, especially endophytic fungi, work as plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Among the scientists and farmers microbial inoculants products based on Trichoderma are getting emphasis because of their potential to increase crop output, nutritional quality, and resistance to a variety of environmental challenges like pests and plant pathogens. Moreover, Trichoderma as bioinoculant has much higher potential to be disseminated and used at mass level as its culture preparation, multiplication, and application is very simple resulting to become more adaptable to the farmers. In this chapter, numerous horticultural crops have been extensively explored for the use of Trichoderma species as bioinoculant. They also enhance soil fertility and control pathogens, among other advantages. However, there are numerous commercial formulations of Trichoderma sp. available in the market. Multiple carrier materials, including talc, plant growth medium (PGM), rice bran, coco peat, and coconut husk, are utilized to extend the shelf life of microbial products. The usage of Trichoderma sp. carrier formulation varies depending on the crop’s adaptability, its availability, and the farmer’s preference. Talc-based formulations are frequently utilized among the many Trichoderma formulations. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Trichoderma: A part of possible answer towards crop residue disposal
(Applied and Natural Science Foundation, 2019) O. Siva Devika; Subhadip Paul; Deepranjan Sarkar; Rahul Singh Rajput; Sonam Singh; Manoj Parihar; H.P. Parewa; Sumita Pal; H.B. Singh; Amitava Rakshit
India is one of the leading countries in agricultural production and generate large volume of crop residue. Increasing demand for food grains due to growing population leads to generation of crop residues. Due to lack of proper disposal mechanism of crop residue, farmers burn the residue which release greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, and poses great threat to environment as well as human health. The residue burning causes greater carbon emission and nutrient losses which otherwise incorporated into the soil system may substantially improve the soil biodiversity. Besides several practices of crop residue management, the most feasible method for farmers is incorporation of residue into the soil with the inoculation of microbes. In soil system the ability of microbial community in degrading organic substances is well known. In the early stages of residue decomposition simple substrates like carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria, but in later stages degradation of complex constituents viz., cellulose, lignin needs microbes which are capable of secreting enzymes like cellulase, acting on complex organic substrates. In this context, cellulolytic micro organisms like Trichoderma have the potential and emerging as an important microbial inoculants to enhance the rate of decomposition as well as alleviate the effect of residue burning. © 2019, Applied and Natural Science Foundation. All rights reserved.
Urea and Trichoderma harzianum Loaded Clay-Polymer Composite in Conjunction with Farmyard Manure Sustains Soil Moisture and Nitrogen Availability to Manage Fusarium-Meloidogyne Disease Complex in Lentil (Lens culinaris)
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Raj Mukhopadhyay; Arkadeb Mukhopadhyay; Subhadip Paul; Nirmal De; Rakesh Kumar Singh
The present investigation reports the development and characterization of a clay-polymer composite loaded with urea and Trichoderma harzianum (UTCPC) to enhance soil moisture and nitrogen availability and manage wilt-nematode complex in lentil grown in residual moisture after rainfed rice. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization proved successful synthesis of UTCPC. The bentonite clay (8% w w−1) and Th concentration (10% w w−1) were optimized based on the maximum spore count of the UTCPC and viability of the Th spores at one month of storage at room temperature. The incubation and pot culture experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six N levels replicated thrice in combinations with UTCPC. Under incubation experiment, the treatment of 100% N through farmyard manure (FYM) along with UTCPC application (T3) resulted in the highest soil moisture (18.5%) and lowest nitrate (NO3-N) content (42%) at 6 and 10 days after incubation, respectively, suggesting its sustained moisture-retaining and slow nitrate (NO3-N) release properties of the UTCPC. Under pot experiment, the treatment T3 expressed the highest soil moisture (28.8%) and NO3-N (17.6 kg ha−1) content even at 60 days after sowing. The disease severity index of all the treatments comprising UTCPC with or without nutrient application was significantly lower than the untreated soil. The lowest population of Fusarium spp. (13.8%) and Meloidogyne spp. (8%) were observed in T3. Therefore, UTCPC can be considered as an eco-friendly agri-input in enhancing moisture retention and sustaining nutrient release to the soil as well as providing biocontrol agents to manage Fusarium-Meloidogyne complex in lentil. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.