Browsing by Author "Supriya Tiwari"

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Adaptation strategies of plants against heavy metal stress
(CRC Press, 2017) Supriya Tiwari; N.K. Dubey
Increasing industrialization and urbanization have led to unprecedented bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the environment, causing serious threats to all living organisms, including plants. At toxic levels, heavy metals can stimulate excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which impose serious morphological, metabolic, and physiological anomalies in plants. In order to deal with heavy metal-induced oxidative stress, plants have adopted a few strategies, including a sophisticated antioxidant defense system and a glyoxalase system to scavenge the ROS and methylglyoxal (MG), respectively. Glutathione plays a very important role in both these defense systems by direct and indirect control of levels of ROS and MG, thus protecting the plants from heavy metal stress. In addition to this, plants produce certain cellular biomolecules such as phytochelatins (PCs), metallothioneins (MTs), proline, organic acids, amino acids, and so on, which serve to form ligand-metal complexes followed by the removal of metals from the sensitive sites through vacuolar sequestration. Another important feature of plants’ defense system is the symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungi that can effectively immobilize heavy metals and reduce their uptake by plants. The present chapter discusses in detail the different adaptation strategies adopted by plants to ameliorate heavy metal stress. Here, we also emphasize the role of different phytoremediation strategies that can act as important tools in mitigating heavy metal stress in plants in the near future. © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Annual and seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations around Varanasi
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2008) Supriya Tiwari; Richa Rai; Madhoolika Agrawal
This study examines the annual, seasonal and diurnal variations in the ambient concentrations of ozone at a suburban site of Varanasi, India, during 2002-2006. Prominent seasonal variations in ozone concentrations were recorded. Ozone concentrations were higher during the warmer months. Daytime 12-hourly mean monthly ozone concentrations varied from 45.18 to 62.35 ppb during summer, from 28.55 to 44.25 ppb during winter and from 24 to 43.85 ppb during the rainy season from 2002 to 2006. Distinct diurnal variations in ozone concentrations were also observed. Daytime maxima in ozone concentration were recorded between 1200 and 1400 h, whereas morning and evening hours showed lower concentrations of ozone. Ozone concentrations in the atmosphere depended on several meteorological factors. Monthly average ozone concentration was significantly correlated with maximum temperature (p<0.001) and mean monthly temperature (p<0.05), maximum relative humidity (p<0.001), minimum relative humidity (p<0.001) and mean monthly relative humidity (p<0.001), and sunshine hours (p<0.001). Ozone concentrations in the ambient air have shown an increase in the past decade that was more in the winter and rainy seasons than in the summer. This study suggests that ozone concentrations around Varanasi were sufficiently high to cause significant damage to agricultural production. The present work can be extended to a regional level by incorporating modelling studies using recent remote sensing tools.
Assessing the impact of ambient ozone on growth and productivity of two cultivars of wheat in India using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (EDU)
(2005) Supriya Tiwari; Madhoolika Agrawal; William J. Manning
Three rates of ethylenediurea were used to assess the impact of ambient ozone on growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars "Malviya 533" (M 533) and "Malviya 234" (M 234) at a suburban site near Varanasi, India, beginning in December. Wheat plants were treated with EDU at 0, 150, 300 and 450 ppm as soil drenches at 10-day intervals. EDU treatment affected plant growth, with effects varying with cultivar, age, and EDU concentration. Seed yield was improved for M 533 at 150 ppm EDU, while yield improved for M 234 at 300 and 450 ppm EDU. M 533 appears to be more resistant to ozone than M 234. Overall results confirmed that EDU is very useful in assessing the effect of ambient ozone in India. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Assessment of the variability in response of radish and brinjal at biochemical and physiological levels under similar ozone exposure conditions
(2011) Supriya Tiwari; Madhoolika Agrawal
The present investigation was done to evaluate the effects of ambient air pollutants on physiological and biochemical characteristics of radish (Raphnus sativa L. var. Pusa Reshmi) and brinjal (Solanum melongena L. var. Pusa hybrid-6) plants grown in open-top chambers with filtered (FCs) and non-filtered (NFCs) treatments at a suburban site in Varanasi, India. Eight hourly mean concentrations of 11.8, 20.8, and 40.8 ppb for SO2, NO2, and O3, respectively, were recorded. O3 was the most significant pollutant affecting the plant performance. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance declined in both the test plants in NFCs as compared to FCs. Lipid peroxidation was higher in NFCs, but the increase was more in radish compared to brinjal. The constitutive levels of the antioxidants as well as their increments upon O3 exposure were of higher magnitude in brinjal as compared to radish. Reduction in Fv/Fm ratio of the plants in NFCs was a regulatory mechanism to cope with the inefficiency of Calvin cycle. The data indicate that O3 triggered the protective mechanisms in plants which resulted in increments in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of O 3-exposed plants. The variability of the magnitude of responses in radish and brinjal due to O3 stress suggests that radish is more susceptible to ambient O3 injury compared to brinjal. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Biomonitoring tools and bioprogramming: An overview
(Elsevier, 2022) Parvati Madheshiya; Gereraj Sen Gupta; Ansuman Sahoo; Supriya Tiwari
Anthropogenic activities such as rapid industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, and several agricultural practices have immensely increased toxic chemical load in the environment. This toxic pollutant causes adverse effects to flora, fauna, and their environment. Monitoring of several types of pollutants via plants and animals is an economic, convenient, and credible method compared with traditional physicochemical ways, which has gained a lot of significance in the last few years. These living organisms are referred to as bioindicators, biomonitors, and biomarkers, because they give information about intensity and concentration of the contaminants, which helps in estimation of stresses at different sectors of the environment. The present chapter investigates the different biomonitoring tools and discusses the various biomonitoring programs around the globe. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Can fertilization OF CO2 heal the ozone-injured agroecosystems?
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Ashish Kumar Mishra; Gereraj Sen Gupta; Aditya Abha Singh; Shashi Bhushan Agrawal; Supriya Tiwari
The rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) in the atmosphere hold significant implications for various ecosystem services, particularly agroecosystem productivity. This review examines the intricate interplay between the divergent effects of CO2 fertilization and oxidative O3 damage on agroecosystems, with a focus on the pivotal role they play in shaping global food security. A comprehensive analysis of aggregated data from previous studies, employing regression analysis, suggests that CO2 may hold the upper hand and exhibit the potential to mitigate the damage induced by O3. The physiological responses of plants to these atmospheric gases are crucial determinants of their impacts in the coming years. Stomatal conductance (gs) regulates the entry of CO2 and O3 into plant systems, while carboxylation efficiency (Vmax) influences photosynthetic yield (Ps). However, the complex spatial and temporal variations, and the uncertain future projections of O3 concentrations, make it challenging to precisely predict the outcomes of O3–CO2 interactions in agroecosystems. Moreover, the differential responses of various crop functional types add to the complexity, making it even more demanding to assess agroecosystem productivity under future scenarios of atmospheric O3 and CO2 concentrations. To address these uncertainties, urgent efforts are required to quantify the interactive effects of O3 and CO2 across all RCP scenarios. This will provide a clearer understanding of crop responses and agroecosystem productivity in the coming years, ensuring sustainable food security, amidst changing environmental conditions. This review highlights the pressing need for further research to elucidate these critical interactions and their implications for global agriculture. © 2024 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control
Chromosomal and molecular indicators: A new insight in biomonitoring programs
(Elsevier, 2022) Priyanka Singh; Shashi Bhushan Agrawal; Supriya Tiwari
The rapid rate of urbanization and industrialization leads to an increase in the concentration of atmospheric air pollutants, which are a mixture of various gases (like O3, SO2, NOx, & CO), particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), liquids, and airborne heavy metals. This mixture of air pollutants is responsible for their adverse effect on human health and other living organisms. Because of their genotoxic nature, they are one of the potential causes of cytological disorders and damages occurring at the molecular level in plants and animals. The common air pollutant-induced cytological disorders observed in plants and animals, at the chromosomal level are chromosomal stickiness, bridges, chromosomal rupture, ring formation, laggards, and micronuclei formation, while the commonly observed DNA damages are fragmentation, double and single-strand breaks, base loss, and transition mutations. The extent of DNA damage in plants depends on various parameters like duration of exposure, pollutant concentration, and sensitivity of plants toward the particular pollutant. The present chapter aims to understand the extent and severity of air pollutant-induced injury at the cytological and molecular levels in plants. The response of these parameters can be utilized in the biomonitoring programs to study the impact of air pollutants in plants. The knowledge gathered in the present chapter will not only help us in determining the consequences of air pollutants on the genetic constitution of the plants, but it will also give us an insight into how the coming generations of plants will adapt and respond to the increasing air pollution load. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Climate change, water and wastewater treatment: Interrelationship and consequences
(Springer Singapore, 2019) Suruchi Singh; Supriya Tiwari
Climate change has become an inevitable phenomenon in the recent years and is expected to gain momentum with the coming time. One of the important processes of the society which is affected by present-day climate change scenario is the wastewater management. Wastewater includes municipal sewage effluents, industrial effluents and urban and agricultural runoff, which without appropriate management could be harmful to human health. Changing climate impacts wastewater systems through changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea level rise and storm-related changes. It is estimated that climate change has a dual effect on water resources and wastewater treatment plants. Climate change events like extreme weather range will lead to more untreated wastewater. As such, the necessity for wastewater management is continuously increasing. However, emission of certain greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4 and N2O during the process of wastewater treatment further contributes to the already aggravated problem of climate change. As such, there exists a nonending scuffle between the phenomenon of climate change and wastewater management, each intensifying the other problem. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
Combating ozone stress through N fertilization: A case study of Indian bean (Dolichos lablab L.)
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Ansuman Sahoo; Parvati Madheshiya; Ashish Kumar Mishra; Supriya Tiwari
The present study investigates the efficiency of nitrogen (N) amendments in the management of ozone (O3) stress in two varieties (Kashi Sheetal and Kashi Harittima) of Indian bean (Dolichos lablab L.). Two O3 concentrations, ambient (44.9 ppb) and elevated (74.64 ppb) were used, and each O3 concentration has 3 nitrogen (N) dose treatments viz recommended (N1), 1.5 times recommended (N2), 2 times recommended (N3) and no nitrogen, which served as control (C). The experiment concluded Kashi Sheetal as O3 tolerant, as compared to Kashi Harittima. N amendments were effective in the partial amelioration of O3 stress, with N2 being the most effective nitrogen dose, at both ambient and elevated O3 concentrations. Kashi Sheetal has been determined to be O3 tolerant due to greater endogenous levels of H2O2 accumulation and enzymatic antioxidant contents with O3 exposure. The O3-sensitive variety, Kashi Harittima, responded more positively to N treatments, at both O3 concentrations. The positive effect of N amendments is attributed to the stimulated antioxidative enzyme activity, rather than the biophysical processes like stomatal conductance. Strengthened defense upon N amendments was attributed to the enhanced activities of APX and GR in Kashi Sheetal, while in Kashi Harittima, the two enzymes (APX and GR) were coupled by SOD and CAT as well, during the reproductive phase. Yield (weight of seeds plant-1) increments upon N (N2) amendments were higher in Kashi Harittima (O3 sensitive), as compared to Kashi Sheetal (O3 tolerant) at both ambient and elevated O3 concentration, due to higher antioxidant enzymatic response and greater rate of photosynthesis in the former. Copyright © 2023 Sahoo, Madheshiya, Mishra and Tiwari.
Cross-talk between antioxidant production and secondary metabolite biosynthesis under combined effects of ozone stress and nitrogen amendments: A case study of lemongrass
(Elsevier Masson s.r.l., 2024) Parvati Madheshiya; Gereraj Sen Gupta; Supriya Tiwari
The present experiment was done to study the interactive effects of soil nitrogen (N) amendments and elevated ozone (O3) (N–O3) on a medicinal plant, lemongrass [Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) (Wats.)]. The experiment used two doses of inorganic soil nitrogen (N1, recommended and N2, 1.5-times recommended dose) in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated (ambient + 15 ppb and ambient + 30 ppb) O3 conditions. To analyze various characteristics, samples were collected at 45 and 90 days after transplantation (DAT). Additionally, at 110 days after transplantation (DAT), the metabolite contents of the leaves and essential oils were analyzed. The present study aims to investigate the mechanistic approach involving the crosstalk between antioxidant production and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in lemongrass upon N–O3 interactions. The present experiment showed that N amendments can be an efficient measure to manage O3 injury in plants, along with ensuring a balance between primary and secondary metabolic pathways, thus sustaining the plant defense and production of bioactive compounds, simultaneously. Under N–O3, not only the Halliwell asada pathway was stimulated resulting in the increased activities and concentrations of antioxidant pools; the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and mevalonic acid pathways were also invigorated, producing more number and contents of secondary metabolites (SMs), compared with plants that were not treated with N doses. This study suggests that soil nitrogen amendments will improve the therapeutic qualities of lemongrass, along with the strengthening of its antioxidant machinery, upon exposure to O3 stress. © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS
Determination of ec50 of cd and evaluation of growth and biochemical response of palak plants (beta vulgaris) to different cd treatments
(National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, 2021) Garima Yadav; Supriya Tiwari
This study was designed to evaluate the growth, biochemical response and Cd accumulation pattern of Palak (Beta vulgaris), variety of All green H1 plants for a range of Cd treatments [control (0), 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 50 mg/L) at two sampling stages, 25 days after germination (25 DAG) and 50 DAG. The present research also quantified the EC50 value of Cd for 50% biomass inhibition in palak plants. Increasing Cd concentration had pessimistic effects on growth and biomass. Plant height, biomass, total leaf area and yield decreased significantly on increasing Cd treatment at the two sampling stages (p<0.05). EC50 for biomass reduction was found to be 27.42 mg/L. Total phenols, thiols and MDA content elevated on increasing Cd concentration. Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a and b reduced significantly by 50.81% and 48.88%, respectively at highest 50 mg/L Cd treatment. A significant interaction (p<0.05) of Cd treatment × plant age was found on Cd content analysis at the two sampling stages, Cd content increased with increasing treatment duration. © 2021 Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved.
Divergent responses of ascorbate and glutathione pools in ozone-sensitive and ozone-tolerant wheat cultivars under elevated ozone and carbon dioxide interaction
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Ashish Kumar Mishra; Gereraj Sen Gupta; Shashi Bhushan Agrawal; Supriya Tiwari
Crop plants face complex tropospheric ozone (O3) stress, emphasizing the need for a food security-focused management strategy. While research extensively explores O3's harmful effects, this study delves into the combined impacts of O3 and CO2. This study investigates the contrasting responses of O3-sensitive (PBW-550) and O3-resistant (HUW-55) wheat cultivars, towards elevated ozone (eO3) and elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2), both individually and in combination. The output of the present study confirms the positive effect of eCO2 on wheat cultivars exposed to eO3 stress, with more prominent effects on O3-sensitive cultivar PBW-550, as compared to the O3-resistant HUW-55. The differential response of the two wheat cultivars can be attributed to the mechanistic variations in the enzyme activities of the Halliwell-Asada pathway (AsA-GSH cycle) and the ascorbate and glutathione pool. The results indicate that eCO2 was unable to uplift the regeneration of the glutathione pool in HUW-55, however, PBW-550 responded well, under similar eO3 conditions. The study's findings, highlighting mechanistic variations in antioxidants, show a more positive yield response in PBW-550 compared to HUW-55 under ECO treatment. This insight can inform agricultural strategies, emphasizing the use of O3-sensitive cultivars for sustained productivity in future conditions with high O3 and CO2 concentrations. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Effectiveness of different EDU concentrations in ameliorating ozone stress in carrot plants
(2010) Supriya Tiwari; Madhoolika Agrawal
Ethylenediurea (EDU) is suggested for use to evaluate plant response under ambient ozone (O3) concentrations. Four EDU treatments, viz. 0 (non-EDU), 150, 300 and 450mgL-1, applied as soil drench at 10 days interval to carrot (Daucus carota L. var. Pusa Kesar), grown at a tropical suburban site of Varanasi experiencing mean O3 concentration of 36.1ppb during the experimental period. EDU treated plants showed significantly higher antioxidative defense, assimilation capability and reduced membrane lipid peroxidation, which led to better growth and significant yield increments compared to non-EDU treated ones. The magnitude of positive responses was highest at 150mgL-1 EDU treatment at 60 DAG, representing the metabolically most active phase of root filling in carrot. This study suggests that the lowest EDU concentration was sufficient to provide protection against negative effects of O3. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Ethylenediurea as a potential tool in evaluating ozone phytotoxicity: a review study on physiological, biochemical and morphological responses of plants
(Springer Verlag, 2017) Supriya Tiwari
Present-day climate change scenario has intensified the problem of continuously increasing ground-level ozone (O3), which is responsible for causing deleterious effects on growth and development of plants. Studies involving use of ethylenediurea (EDU), a chemical with antiozonant properties, have given some promising results in evaluating O3 injury in plants. The use of EDU is especially advantageous in developing countries which face a more severe problem of ground-level O3, and technical O3-induced yield loss assessment techniques like open-top chambers cannot be used. Recent studies have detected a hormetic response of EDU on plants; i.e. treatment with higher EDU concentrations may or may not show any adverse effect on plants depending upon the experimental conditions. Although the mode of action of EDU is still debated, it is confirmed that EDU remains confined in the apoplastic regions. Certain studies indicate that EDU significantly affects the electron transport chain and has positive impact on the antioxidant defence machinery of the plants. However, the mechanism of protecting the yield of plants without significantly affecting photosynthesis is still questionable. This review discusses in details the probable mode of action of EDU on the basis of available data along with the impact of EDU on physiological, biochemical, growth and yield response of plants under O3 stress. Data regarding the effect of EDU on plant ‘omics’ is highly insufficient and can form an important aspect of future EDU research. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Green Guardians: Harnessing Nature’s Wisdom for Heavy Metal Detoxification through Biological and Eco-Friendly Solutions
(CRC Press, 2024) Ashish Kumar Mishra; Shivani Gupta; Parvati Madheshiya; Gereraj Sen Gupta; Supriya Tiwari
The contamination of heavy metals, arising from industrial, mining, agricultural, and urban activities, poses significant threats to both the environment and human well-being. While traditional soil remediation approaches have shown some efficacy, they often entail habitat destruction, secondary contamination, and limitations for large-scale projects. Consequently, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative, environmentally friendly remediation strategies. Biological and eco-friendly methods leverage the natural capabilities of living organisms and materials to address heavy metal pollution. Biological techniques, such as phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and the use of genetically engineered organisms, harness the biochemical mechanisms of plants, bacteria, and algae to sequester, immobilize, or detoxify heavy metals. Eco-friendly methods utilize natural materials like organic amendments, biochar, compost, and green sorbents from agricultural waste or minerals to achieve remediation goals while enhancing soil health and ecosystem resilience. This chapter offers a comprehensive examination of these strategies, detailing their mechanisms, applications, benefits, limitations, and case studies. By bridging scientific insights with practical implementation, it aims to advance sustainable and effective approaches for combating heavy metal contamination and safeguarding both the environment and human health. © 2025 selection and editorial matter Veer Singh, Ashish Kumar, Vishal Mishra and Sachchida Nand Rai; individual chapters, the contributors.
Green Solutions for Heavy Metal Remediation: Unveiling the Potential of Agricultural Waste through Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment
(CRC Press, 2024) Priyanka Singh; Umesh Kumar; Akanksha Dwivedi; Prince Kumar Singh; Indrajeet Kumar; Saumya Mishra; Avanish Prajapati; Supriya Tiwari; Rajesh Kumar Sharma
The global prevalence of heavy metal contamination presents formidable challenges to both environmental integrity and human health, underscoring the critical need for the implementation of efficacious remediation strategies. Utilizing agricultural waste as a viable and sustainable approach to address heavy metal pollution in contaminated environments, diverse agricultural waste materials, such as crop residues, animal manure, and by-products from food processing unit, are assessed for their efficacy in heavy metal sorption and immobilization. Through a holistic framework integrating techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), the study assesses the heavy metal sorption and immobilization capabilities of different agricultural waste materials. Comprehensive TEA investigates the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing agricultural waste-based remediation techniques relative to conventional methodologies. Furthermore, LCA analyzes the environmental impact of these remediation techniques, including resource consumption, emissions, and waste generation throughout their entire life cycles. The chapter elucidates the promising potential of agricultural waste as a sustainable and economically viable alternative for heavy metal remediation, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating technological and environmental assessments for informed decision-making in environmental management practices. © 2025 selection and editorial matter Veer Singh, Ashish Kumar, Vishal Mishra and Sachchida Nand Rai; individual chapters, the contributors.
Heavy metal contamination in the wastewater irrigated soil and bioaccumulation in cultivated vegetables: Assessment of human health risk
(Academic Press Inc., 2024) Rashmi Singh; Prince Kumar Singh; Parvati Madheshiya; Alok Kumar Khare; Supriya Tiwari
Heavy metal contamination in soil and accumulation in cultivated vegetables is currently an urgent ecological problem prevalent throughout the world. The study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in irrigation water, soil, and vegetables grown in the vicinity of the industrial area of northern India. Furthermore, this study also assessed the health risk to the local population from consuming vegetables grown in metal-contaminated areas. In the present study, concentrations of all heavy metals in the soil remained within the acceptable limits stipulated by national standards, with the exception of Ni, which exceeded the prescribed threshold limit (Ni=75–100, Cu=135–270, Zn=300–600, Pb=250–500 µgg−1). The concentration of heavy metals in the vegetables was found maximum at the Lohta site followed by Ramnagar, Varuna, Dinapur, and Shivpur as compared to the control site (BHU). The highest concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb was found in Spinacia oleracea followed by Amaranthus grain, Mentha spicata, Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum melongena, Lagenaria siceraria, Solanum lycopersicum, Momordica charantia, Luffa acutangula, and least in Phaseolus vulgaris. The higher metal content of these vegetables is further supported by an increase in the metal pollution index (MPI) of wastewater-irrigated soil. The maximum DIM (Daily intake of metals) was reported in S. oleracea (0.061 μg g−1/day), whereas the minimum for P. vulgaris (0.007 μg g−1/day). On the basis of health quotient (HQ) revealed that at the Lohta, Ramnagar, Varuna Dinapur sites, HQ values of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb were found greater than one (>1) for both children and adults on the consumption of all tested plants. The HQ value of all heavy metals except Zn indicated their contamination in the vegetables and their health risks to the local residents. As a result, continuous monitoring and source control should be conducted for heavy metals i.e., Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb, to ensure the region's food quality and environmental security. © 2024 Elsevier Inc.
Heavy metal contamination through wastewater irrigation on the soil and vegetables: Impact on the nutrient content and health risks
(Gaurav Publications, 2024) Rashmi Singh; Shivani Gupta; Alok Kumar Khare; Supriya Tiwari
The use of wastewater irrigation may contribute to the metal accumulation, and reduction of nutrient level of vegetables, which would then have an adverse effect on human health. Therefore, in the present study we investigated heavy metals contamination and its impact on nutrient quality of vegetables and health risk. The study was conducted from the agricultural fields of Varanasi distinct during the period from March 2022 to June 2023 and all the laboratory work was carried in the department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University. Heavy metal concentrations in water, soil, and vegetable samples were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The physiochemical property (pH), daily intake of metal, metal pollution index and health quotient were also calculated according to the published protocols. All heavy metal were found in higher concentrations in the wastewater irrigated soil that control site. The Lohta site had the highest concentration of heavy metals in the vegetables, followed by Dinapur, and least at control site (BHU). The highest concentration of metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb) were found in the leafy vegetables (S. oleracea & A. esculentus) whereas lowest in fruity vegetables (P. vulgaris). The rise in the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) also provided evidence for the greater metal content of these vegetables. The S. oleracea was found to have the highest DIM (0.061 g/g) while P. vulgaris had the lowest (0.007 g/g). HQ values of these metals were found greater than one (>1) for both children and adults on the ingestion of the vegetables of wastewater irrigated sites. Further, nutrient contents (Na, Mg, Ca) were also declined in the vegetables of wastewater irrigated site when compared to control site. These findings suggest that the consumption of such vegetables leads to compromised health and might be associated with severe health risk in the human. © 2024, Gaurav Publications. All rights reserved.
Impact of elevated CO2 and elevated O3 on Beta vulgaris L.: Pigments, metabolites, antioxidants, growth and yield
(2013) Sumita Kumari; Madhoolika Agrawal; Supriya Tiwari
The present study was conducted to assess morphological, biochemical and yield responses of palak (Beta vulgaris L. cv Allgreen) to ambient and elevated levels of CO2 and O3, alone and in combination. As compared to the plants grown in charcoal filtered air (ACO2), growth and yield of the plants increased under elevated CO2 (ECO 2) and decreased under combination of ECO2 with elevated O3 (ECO2 + EO3), ambient O3 (ACO2 + AO3) and elevated O3 (EO3). Lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid, catalase and glutathione reductase activities enhanced under all treatments and were highest in EO3. Foliar starch and organic carbon contents increased under ECO2 and ECO2 + EO3 and reduced under EO3 and ACO2 + AO 3. Foliar N content declined in all treatments compared to ACO 2 resulting in alteration of C/N ratio. This study concludes that ambient level of CO2 is not enough to counteract O3 impact, but elevated CO2 has potential to counteract the negative effects of future O3 level. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Insights into the management of food waste in developing countries: with special reference to India
(Springer, 2024) Ansuman Sahoo; Akanksha Dwivedi; Parvati Madheshiya; Umesh Kumar; Rajesh Kumar Sharma; Supriya Tiwari
Up to one third of the food that is purposely grown for human sustenance is wasted and never consumed, with adverse consequences for the environment and socio-economic aspects. In India, managing food waste is a significant environmental concern. Food waste output is increasing in Indian cities and towns as a result of the country’s urban expansion, modernization, and population growth. Poor management of food waste can have negative consequences for the environment and pose a risk to the public’s health issues. This review focuses on the current challenges, management strategies, and future perspectives of food waste management in India. The efficient management of food waste involves a comprehensive study regarding the characterization of food waste and improved waste management methods. In addition, the government policies and rules for managing food waste that is in effect in India are covered in this review. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023.