Browsing by Author "Suresh Purohit"

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A proposed methodology for in vitro evaluation of bitterness in drug solutions and in vitro drug release samples
(Springer New York LLC, 2014) Kapil Dev; Vandana Kharb; Anupama Singh; Vikas Anand Saharan; Hemant Jadhav; Suresh Purohit
Purpose: Ethical and safety concerns, paediatric taste panels and predictivity in early drug development for strategic decisions are some of the reasons for seeking in vitro methods of bitterness evaluation for drugs and drug products. In this study, taste panel studies and in vitro drug release studies have been performed, correlated to each other and proposed as an analytical tool for evaluation of bitterness. Methods: Bitterness threshold and bitterness scores for different solutions of ondansetron hydrochloride (ONS) were estimated by taste panel studies. In vitro drug release studies on taste-masked drug product in pharmacopoeial apparatus and an in-house-developed apparatus were performed and correlated to drug release studies in oral cavity. Results: Concentration of 22 μg/ml and below was perceived bitterless by all the volunteers of taste panel. A second-order polynomial equation (y = 0.6206x 2 - 0.2011x - 0.7796; correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.991) was derived as a relationship between bitterness score and log ONS concentration. Drug release in in-house-assembled apparatus and oral cavity were not statistically different (α = 0.05) at both 60 and 120 s. Conclusions: Bitterness threshold and bitterness scores are helpful in evaluation of bitterness in drug solutions and samples obtained from drug release studies. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media.
A therapeutic approach to target mitochondrial dysfunction using molecular docking studies: Screening of natural drugs for oral carcinoma
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2018) Manish Singh; Manish Tripathi; Alok Singh; Chandra Azad; Indrajeet Gambhir; Brijesh Kumar; Suresh Purohit
Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is the major cause of various types of cancer, leading to death worldwide. The present study investigated the in silico binding potential of natural flavonoids and essential oils with human cyclophilin D (CyPD) protein. CyPD protein is a major molecular marker for apoptosis and has been reported to be elevated in oral carcinoma. Methods: PubChem database was used to check the efficacy of different active phytoconstituents (kaempferol, quercetin, eugenol, oxyresveratrol, tanshinone 2a, catechin, epicatechin, cinnamaldehyde, and emodin). These compounds were used as ligands to check their potential as anticancer agents against the inner mitochondrial membrane protein, CyPD. Docking studies were performed with the help of Discovery Studio 2.5 and Autodock. Emodin was used as a reference inhibitor to compare the results. Results: The binding energy (B.E.) of the reference inhibitor (known/established drug) emodin was observed-28.9 kcal/mol while novel inhibitors (catechin, cinnamaldehyde, epicatechin, eugenol, kaempferol, oxyresveratrol, quercetin, and tanshinone 2a) exhibited a range from-51.51 to-5.89 kcal/mol. Quercetin, kaempferol, and epicatechin (B.E.:-51.51,-34.79, and-30.62 kcal/mol, respectively) showed strong affinity as compared to reference inhibitor (B.E.:-28.9 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Quercetin, kaempferol, and epicatechin can be used as lead inhibitors against targeting CyPD. © 2018 Pharmacognosy Magazine. Published by Wolters Kluwer.
A validated rp-hplc method for the estimation of diosgenin from polyherbal formulation containing Tribulus terrestris Linn
(2012) Pankaj K. Gupta; Dheeraj H. Nagore; Vinod V. Kuber; Suresh Purohit
In present study a simple, rapid and specific high-performance-liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for estimation of bioactive marker diosgenin (DSG) from polyherbal formulation containing gokhru (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) extract. Separation of DSG was achieved on reverse-phase 250mm×4.6mm, 5μ, symmetry-C8 column with mobile phase of water and methanol. Scanning wavelength was optimized and selected as 205nm. The linear regression analysis of calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r2=0.9996 in concentration ranges of 25-75μg/mL. The method was validated for its calibration curve, specificity, precision and robustness. The recovery was found in range of 98.06-99.50%. The developed HPLC method can be used to quantify DSG for quality control and standardization of polyherbal formulations containing gokhru. The analytical data were compared by statistical evaluation and the method was found to be repeatable and selective.
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using flavonoid rich alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica
(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2019) Prabhat Upadhyay; Sunil K. Mishra; Suresh Purohit; G.P. Dubey; Brijesh Singh Chauhan; S. Srikrishna
The present work discusses the establishment of a green route for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an alcoholic extract of Reinwardtia indica (AERI) leaves which act as a reducing as well as a capping agent. The change in color from yellowish green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. A characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm advocated the presence of AgNPs. The synthesis process was optimized using one factor at a time approach where 1.0 mM AgNO 3 concentration, 5 mL 0.4% (v/v) of AER inoculum dose and 30 min of sunlight exposure were found to be the optimum conditions. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by several characterizing techniques such as HR- TEM, SAED, HR-SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and AFM analysis. For evaluation and comparison of AgNPs with AERI used human pathogen E. coli, P. aeurogenosa, S. aeurus and C. albicans for antimicrobial, for cytotoxicity study SiHa cell line at concentration of (10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg mL −1 ) and for enzymatic assay superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase method were used. The size of nanoparticle in the range of 3–15 nm was confirmed TEM, spherical shape by SEM and crystal lattice nature by XRD. AFM results revealed the 2 D and 3 D pattern of particle scatter nature on the surface. This protocol as simple, rapid, one step, eco-friendly, nontoxic and AgNPs showed strong antimicrobial activity as well as cytotoxic potential in comparison to AERI. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Bitterness Score and its Correlation to Drug Concentration: An Approach for Estimating Bitterness Suppression in a Marketed Product of Ofloxacin
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2014) Vikas Anand Saharan; Kapil Dev; Vandana Kharb; Anupama Singh; Hemant Jadhav; Suresh Purohit
Abstract: In vitro approaches for assessing taste characteristics of taste masked drug and drug products are useful in reducing reliance on human panel tests. In this study, taste panel studies were used to determine bitterness threshold and bitterness score of various solutions of ofloxacin followed by correlation and the application of this approach in estimating bitterness suppression. Bitterness scores for different solutions of ofloxacin were estimated by trained human volunteers of a taste panel. Bitterness scores were correlated to ofloxacin concentration followed by determination of bitterness scores for various dissolution samples obtained from in vitro drug release study of ofloxacin taste masked drug product. Concentration of 80 µg/ml and below was perceived bitterless by all the volunteers of taste panel. A third order polynomial equation (y=13.51x3-91.08x2+206.7x-156.6; R2 = 0.973) was derived as a relationship between bitterness score (y) and log ofloxacin concentration (x). Marketed taste masked product achieved concentrations below bitterness threshold in in vitro drug release studies performed in pharmacopoeial apparatus at initial time points (0-5 min). Bitterness threshold and bitterness scores are helpful in estimating bitterness of ofloxacin solutions provided suitable correlation has been found between them. The suggested approach, which is applicable to any bitter or objectionable tasting drug, has potential to be used as analytical tool in formulation development and quality control. © 2014, Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons.
Ceramide-2 nanovesicles for effective transdermal delivery: Development, characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) Praveen Kumar Gaur; Suresh Purohit; Yatendra Kumar; Shikha Mishra; Anil Bhandari
Context: The vesicles based on skin lipid have a drug localization effect and its main lipid, ceramide provides protective and regenerative effects while oleic acid (OA) is a penetration enhancer, however, it causes slight irritation, so we have formulated formulation incorporating both of these to develop a transdermal formulation for better permeation. Objective: Present study investigated the preparation and characterization of physicochemical properties and permeation of nanovesicles of ceramide-2 containing OA and palmitic acid (PA) respectively and a commercial gel. Materials and methods: The vesicles were made using ceramide 2, cholesterol (Chol), cholesteryl sulfate (CS) and OA or PA, respectively, using film hydration method. The vesicles were characterized for physicochemical properties, ex vivo permeation using human skin and pharmacokinetic parameters and anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Results: The vesicles showed size at 102-125nm while PDI was 0.11-0.13 and negative zeta potential. OV-3 showed highest entrapment efficiency. The drug fluxes were 92.02 and 8.920μg/cm2/h, respectively, for OV-3 and PV-1. The Cmax were 7.91 and 4.01μg/ml at 4 and 6h for OV-3 (2.5mg) and PV-1 (10mg), respectively. OV-3 and PV-1 showed 98.8% and 77.36% edema inhibition, respectively, at 3h. Discussion: Both formulations showed similar physical parameters and different permeation since OA get incorporated in vesicles and increases its permeability and ceramide makes sure that vesicles can rapidly traverse the stratum corneum. Conclusion: OV-3 containing 3% OA showed optimum physical parameters and good permeation with maximum anti-inflammatory activity. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
Colon specific chronotherapeutic drug delivery for nocturnal asthma: Eudragit S-100 coated calcium alginate gel beads-entrapped salbutamol sulphate
(2013) Bhupendra Singh; Suresh Purohit; Geetanjali Saini; Anil Bhandari; Deepak Awasthi
Eudragit S-100 coated calcium alginate gel beads entrapped salbutamol sulphate as a model drug has been investigated in the present study. The microspheres were evaluated for the drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface morphology and in vitro drug release. Drug-polymer compatibility was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Encapsulation efficiency was found to be high when cross-linking time is less. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microspheres were spherical and had a smooth surface. The drug dissolution study performed simulating gastrointestinal pH variance showed a burst release calcium alginate gel beads in initial hour, whereas eudragit S-100 coating allowed producing systems of controlled release system. The drug release was found inversely proportional to sodium alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration and eudragit S-100 concentration.
Design of microparticulated salbutamol sulfate p H sensitive pulsatile delivery system for chronotherapy of nocturnal asthma
(BRNSS Publication Hub, 2018) Geetanjali Saini; Suresh Purohit; Bhupendra Singh; Suraj Pal Verma; Manish Vyas
Objective: The main objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate pH-dependent chronotherapeutic drug delivery of salbutamol using chitosan (CS) and Eudragit polymers. Materials and Methods: Chronotherapeutic microparticles were prepared in two steps, in first step core CS microparticles were prepared using glutaraldehyde cross-linking and in the second step entrapped within Eudragit S 100 and Eudragit L 100. Results: The microparticles were spherical with size ranging from 50 to 100 µm. Core and coated microparticles were monodisperse (uniformity index [UI] <1.2) and had wide size distribution (UI >1.2). The Eudragit S-100 coated microparticle did not release the drug in acidic pH of the stomach, and the Eudragit S-100 and L-100 coated microparticles showed burst release at pH 7.4 and pH 5.8, indicating perfect pH sensitive pulsatile drug delivery. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All Rights Reserved.
Development and characterization of stable nanovesicular carrier for drug delivery
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) Praveen Kumar Gaur; Suresh Purohit; Yatendra Kumar; Shikha Mishra; Anil Bhandari
Lipid vesicles are an important drug carrier which can serve for controlled delivery of drugs; however, these vesicles are quite unstable at ambient temperature and require stringent storage condition. Present work was done to develop a stable vesicular system for drug delivery. Vesicles of ceramide-2, cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, and palmitic acid were prepared and compared with phosphatidylcholine vesicles for physicochemical parameters and accelerated stability. Diclofenac sodium was used as a model drug. Based on physicochemical parameter and in vitro release PCV-3 and CV-3 were selected for further studies in three different accelerated stability conditions. PCV-3 showed moderate changes at 4°C but was severely affected at 25°C and 40°C. CV-3 showed stable characteristics at 4°C and 25°C whereas at 40°C, CV-3 showed signs of slight modification owing to moisture absorption. Based on the study, CV-3 containing highest content of palmitic acid was found to be most stable. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
Development of a new nanovesicle formulation as transdermal carrier: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, permeation studies and anti-inflammatory activity
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) Praveen Kumar Gaur; Shikha Mishra; Suresh Purohit; Yatendra Kumar; Anil Bhandari
Context: Ibuprofen is an important NSAID, however, it can cause GI disturbances when given orally, and employment of transdermal route will require permeation enhancer causing skin injury. Objective: Drug-loaded nanovesicles of ceramide-2, cholesterol, palmitic acid, and cholesteryl sulfate (ICVG) were formulated and analyzed for physicochemical and permeation properties. Materials and method: Vesicles were formulated using film hydration method and physicochemical parameters, in vitro drug release, and stability were assessed. Further, nanovesicle gels were evaluated against plain gel containing drug (CG) for ex vivo/in vivo drug permeation and anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The developed formulations showed optimal physicochemical profile and ICV-1 gave 97.24% drug release. Drug permeation was between 17.32 and 33.12 μg/cm for ICVG formulations and 0.27 μg/cm for CG. ICVG-1 and CG showed Cmax of 9.6 and 0.7 μg/ml at 8 and 4 h. ICVG-1 showed 19.9 times higher AUC than CG. Edema inhibition was 57.98% during initial hours by ICVG-1. Discussion: Ratio of ceramide 2 and palmitic acid plays a critical role in drug permeation through stratum corneum. The stability and protective effect of the formulations were due to ceramide content. Conclusion: The composition has an important role in physicochemical properties and drug permeation thereby generating an optimum formulation. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
Development of aceclofenac nanovesicular system using biomaterial for transdermal delivery: Physical characterization, ex vivo, in vivo, and anti-inflammatory studies
(2013) Praveen Kumar Gaur; Suresh Purohit; Shikha Mishra
Context: Aceclofenac is an important NSAID; however, it causes GI disturbances whereas employing transdermal route would require permeation enhancer for systemic application, thereby causing skin damage. Ceramide 2 is a natural lipid having an important role in the maintenance of skin. Objective: Aceclofenac-loaded nanovesicles of ceramide-2, cholesterol, palmitic acid, and cholesteryl sulfate were formulated and analyzed for physical and biological properties. Materials and method: Film hydration method was used to prepare the vesicles and physical parameters, in vitro drug release and stability were evaluated. Then, they were formulated into gel and evaluated against a commercial formulation (CF) and gel-containing plain drug (CPG) for ex vivo, in vivo drug permeation, and anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The developed formulations showed best physical profile and ACV-1 gave 92.89% drug release in in vitro studies. Ex vivo studies showed drug permeation between 15.32-31.12 μg/cm2, whereas CPG and CF released 0.47 and 2.81 μg/cm 2, respectively. ACVG-1 and CF showed Cmax of 8.1 and 1.2 μg/ml at 8 and 4 h, respectively. ACVG-1 showed 11.6 times AUC than CF. ACVG-1 inhibited edema by 44% in first hour itself. Discussion: Ceramide 2 and palmitic acid played an important role in the formulation and promotes the drug permeation through stratum corneum and dermis. Ceramide content of the formulation also contributes towards stability and skin protection. Conclusion: The composition of the vesicle formulation performs an important role in physical properties and drug permeation, thereby producing an optimum formulation. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of a novel Himalayan plant Reinwardtia indica dumort: Scientifically unexplored
(Academic Press, 2019) Prabhat Upadhyay; Sunil Kumar Mishra; Awadhesh Kumar Mishra; Pradeep Kumar; Nidhi Pandey; Kavindra Nath Tiwari; Ragini Tilak; Suresh Purohit; G.P. Dubey
Reinwardtia indica (Lineceae) is a medicinal plant cultivated in the Himalayan region. It is effectively used in folk medicines for the treatment of various health complications. In the present study, the shade dried leaves and stem were extracted in three different solvents such as ethyl acetate, ethanol, and hydro-alcoholic. The antioxidant efficacy of these extracts was confirmed by using different in vitro assays: DPPH free radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, metal ion chelating capability and reducing power determination. Total phenol content was maximum in hydro alcoholic extract of leaf (540.37 mg per g of gallic acid equivalents) and stem (330.51 mg per g of gallic acid equivalents) while flavonoid content was maximum in ethanolic extract of leaf (305 mg per gram of rutin equivalents) and ethyl acetate extract of stem (170.6 mg per gram of rutin equivalents). The antioxidant activity of these extracts was positively correlated with their total phenol and flavonoid content. Among all tested extracts, ethanolic extract of leaf exhibit maximum zone of inhibition against all tested clinical isolates of bacterial (E. coli 11.00 ± 1.73 mm, P. aeurogenosa 11.67 ± 0.58 mm and S. aureus 10.33 ± 1.53 mm) and fungal (C. albicans 11.33 ± 1.10 mm) pathogens, while ethyl acetate extracts of the leaf and stem showed minimum inhibitory concentration against all tested microorganisms. Thus, R. indica extracts can be used as potent natural antioxidant having antifungal and antibacterial action. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Formulation and characterization of taste masked ondansetron-magnesium aluminum silicate adsorption systems
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2016) Vandana Kharb; Vikas Anand Saharan; Vivek Kharb; Hemant Jadhav; Suresh Purohit
Context: Taste masking greatly influences the acceptability of bitter tasting formulation; moreover, it governs the commercial and therapeutic success of drug products. Objective: This work is directed toward masking the bitter taste of ondansetron HCl (ONS) utilizing the excipient, which can delay the reach of drug to the taste buds. Material and methods: Magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum F), a clay material having capability to adsorb the drugs onto it, was used. The adsorption systems of ONS with Veegum were obtained by dynamic adsorption technique and examined by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for morphology, thermal behavior, and interactions. The taste assessment of prepared systems was done by in vitro method based on drug release. Results: The molecular interaction between ONS and Veegum in the system was revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. A change in thermal behavior of the system was observed owing to interaction or replacement of the cationic groups of Veegum with that of ONS. XRD studies revealed that the prepared system was having lower crystallinity as compared to ONS. The in vitro drug release study showed that ONS release from the system was relatively slow in basic environment than the acidic one. Discussion: Adsorption of ONS on the surface of Veegum was mainly due to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Conclusion: The experimental results reveal the successful intercalation of ONS into the space available between the layers of Veegum. Furthermore, this resulted in a control on drug release in salivary pH resulting in a concentration lower than bitterness threshold. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Formulation and evaluation of lipid based taste masked granules of ondansetron HCl
(Elsevier, 2014) Vandana Kharb; Vikas Anand Saharan; Vivek Kharb; Hemant Jadhav; Suresh Purohit
Introduction and aim Various taste masking approaches comprising the excipients which delay the reach of the drug to taste buds are reported. Lipidic substances can act as release retarding agent and provides a matrix base responsible for suppressing the bitter taste of drug. This work was aimed to study the influence of different proportions of a lipid carrier on the inhibition of bitterness of the drug vis-a-vis in vitro release of drug from the granules. Methods The lipid-matrix granules of ondansetron HCl with Geleol pellets (glycerol monostearate) were obtained by manual hot melt fusion technique. The prepared granules were characterized by SEM, DSC and XRD. The taste assessment of prepared granules was done by in vitro method based on drug release. Results Distribution of drug inside the lipid-matrix granules was not properly analyzed by DSC and XRD, moreover these studies revealed no interaction between the drug and lipid. The dissolution tests displayed the significant retardation of drug release from the granules compared to pure drug and additionally indicated the attainment of matrix system via appearance of unbroken granules during in vitro testing. Higuchi relationship for drug release was obtained by drug release kinetics, which also revealed the functioning drug release mechanism, as diffusion controlled but the addition of hydrophilic substance (Cab-o-sil) has changed the mechanism of drug release. Conclusion The proportions of Geleol and Cab-o-sil taken in granules had affected the dissolution profile. Higher amount of GE resulted in high taste masking ability. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Formulation and in vitro characterization of intranasal mucoadhesive microspheres of lamotrigine using chitosan by gluteraldehyde cross linking
(2013) Kapilesh Dave; Suresh Purohit
In the present work attempts were made to deliver lamotrigine; a new antiepileptic drug, via intranasal route as mucoadhesive microspheres, developed by emulsion-solvent evaporation using chitosan as polymer cross linked by Gluteraldehyde by varying stirring rate, viscosity, volume of the phases, drug polymer ratio, and % of cross linking agent. Prepared microspheres were subject to morphological evaluation by SEM, particle size analysis, Drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, % Mucoadhesion, DSC, FTIR measurement, and in vitro drug release study. On the basis of above parameters formulation F30 shows satisfactory properties i.e. smooth spherical shaped microparticles of size range 17 μm to 40 μm with avg. particle size of 23 μm, DSC and FTIR studies support solid solution entrapment with no interaction between drug and other ingredients. Entrapment efficiency was 75.74±0.50 mucoadhesion was 98.5% and drug release was 87.86% which conclude that chitosan based microspheres are suitable for the intranasal delivery of lamotrigine.
Formulation, evaluation and 32 full factorial design-based optimization of Ondansetron hydrochloride incorporated taste masked microspheres
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) Vandana Kharb; Vikas Anand Saharan; Kapil Dev; Hemant Jadhav; Suresh Purohit
Context: Masking the bitter taste of Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONS) may improve palatability, acceptance and compliance of ONS products. Objective: ONS-loaded, taste-masked microspheres were prepared with a polycationic pHsensitive polymer and 32 full factorial design (FFD) was applied to optimize microsphere batches. Materials and methods: Solvent evaporation, in acetone-methanol/liquid paraffin system, was used to prepare taste-masked ONS microspheres. The effect of varying drug/polymer (D/P) ratios on microspheres characteristics were studied by 32 FFD. Desirability function was used to search the optimum formulation. Microspheres were evaluated by FTIR, XRD and DSC to examine interaction and effect of microencapsulation process. In vitro taste assessment approach based on bitterness threshold and drug release was used to assess bitterness scores. Results: Prepared ONS microspheres were spherical and surface was wrinkled. ONS was molecularly dispersed in microspheres without any incompatibility with EE100. In hydrochloric acid buffer pH 1.2, ONS released completely from microsphere in just 10 min. Contrary to this, ONS release at initial 5 min from taste-masked microspheres was less than the bitterness threshold. Conclusion: Full factorial design and in vitro taste assessment approach, coupled together, was successfully applied to develop and optimize batches of ONS incorporated taste-masked microspheres. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
Nanovesicles of nitrendipine with lipid complex for transdermal delivery: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2016) Praveen Kumar Gaur; Shikha Mishra; Suresh Purohit
Context: Vesicular transdermal delivery can enhance the bioavailability of a drug especially affected by first-pass metabolism, e.g. nitrendipine. However effective transdermal delivery employs permeation enhancer, e.g oleic acid (OA) with ceramide 2, stearic acid, behenic acid, and cholesteryl sulfate lipid complex. Objective: This study investigated the preparation, characterization of physicochemical properties, ex vivo permeation using human skin, pharmacokinetic parameters and antihypertensive potential in rats, of nitrendipine-loaded nanovesicles of ceramide 2, stearic acid, behenic acid and cholesteryl sulfate containing oleic acid gel (NOVG). Materials and methods: The nanovesicles were made using film hydration method and characterized for physicochemical properties, ex vivo permeation using human skin, pharmacokinetic parameters and antihypertensive potential. Results: Nitrendipine-loaded nanovesicles of ceramide-2 containing oleic acid (NOV-5) have shown fluxes in the range of 4.88–24.72 μg/cm2/h nitrendipine oral suspension (NOS) at equal dose. NOVG-5 has shown almost 33% reduction in blood pressure in the first hour and a further decrease of 25% in the second hour to restore the normal pressure. Discussion: The permeation increases with increase in OA content. OA gets integrated in vesicle wall and enhances its permeability, whereas ceramide content makes sure that skin does not become damaged even after permeation. Conclusion: NOVG-5 has shown the most favorable physicochemical properties and good permeation through skin providing good management of hypertension during crucial initial hours. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
Nasal dysfunctions and intranasal drug delivery system: A review on formulation considerations and evaluation parameters for nasal spray
(2012) Kapilesh Dave; Suresh Purohit
This paper aimed to give a brief review on nasal dysfunctions and their treatment by using nasal spray formulation with special emphasis of formulation consideration and evaluation parameter. These reviewed approaches will defiantly help researchers to design and develop a new intranasal drug delivery system for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and other related nasal dysfunctions. © 2009, JGPT.
Pharmacognostic standardization of Asian folk medicinal plant Reinwardtia Indica Dumort
(BRNSS Publication Hub, 2018) Prabhat Upadhyay; Suresh Purohit; S.K. Mishra; K.N. Tiwari; G.P. Dubey; Harish Shah
Background: Recent scenario and global trends are moving toward the medicinal plant used as health-care product for the treatment of different disease or disorder, but the critical and essential issue to be considered in assuring the therapeutic efficacy and safety. Thus standardization of plant parts need to standardized according to the standard guideline for global acceptance of the product. Reinwardtia indica belongs to Linaceae family used as folk medicine in Asia in the treatment and management of boils, carbuncle, and as an antimicrobial agent in wound healing traditionally. Objective: The present study aimed at physicochemical standardization of R. indica leaves and stem part of the plant. Materials and Methods: In our investigation, leaves and stem part of R. indica were standardized based on microscopy, powder microscopy, physicochemical evaluations, extractive yields, and heavy metal analysis as per the International Regulatory Norms. Results: The results revealed that the pharmacognostic parameters have shown the leaves and stem part of the R. indica plant found within the standard limit as per regulatory norms. Conclusion: The data found after standardization can be adopted as a standard of the plant R. indica, and it can be used in the formulation of the health care product after pre-clinical and clinical investigations. © 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights reserved.
Phytochemical screening, free radical scavenging, antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica
(BRNSS Publication Hub, 2017) Shardendu Kumar Mishra; Dharmendra Kumar; Nidhi Pandey; Ragini Tilak; B.L. Pandey; Suresh Purohit
Background: Leptadenia pyrotechnica (LP) is a well-known traditional shrub used by the tribes of Africa and Asia. Locally, it is called as Khimp and recognized as therapeutic uses as well as animal fodder. Aims: The present study investigates the preliminary phytochemical contents, free radical scavenging, and antimicrobial activity against the bacterial and fungal strains of ethanolic extract and its fraction of LP (Decne.). Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract and fractions of LP were used to different phytochemical qualitative screening methods to identify the constituents presented in it. Total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were determined to justify its antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts was measured by disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and zone of inhibition against the bacterial and fungal strains. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity had used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extract and fractions. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of extract and fractions showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Reducing efficiency revealed dose-dependent inflation in concentration (6.25-200 μg/μL) with respect to quercetin and gallic acid. The presence of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and flavonoids contribute to potent antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Conclusion: The present research work concluded the effectiveness of different extract and fractions at various concentrations against the bacterial and fungal strains. Free radical scavenging activity embarks its contribution as antimicrobial along with the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic residues.