Browsing by Author "T.M. Mohapatra"

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A comparative study of acetylcholinesterase activity in bovine (S. cervi) and human (B. malayi, W. bancrofti) filaria
(1992) S. Rathaur; S. Misra; T.M. Mohapatra; V. Taneja
Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite, contains a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with microfilaria having five to ten times more AChE activity than female and male adult worms, respectively. Because AChE shows substrate specificity and hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine but not butrylthiocholine, this parasitic enzyme is likely a true acetylcholinesterase. The latter also resembles an AChE enzyme in the human filarial parasite B. malayi which hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine iodide three times faster than butrylthiocholine iodide. The S. cervi AChE, like its counterpart, also exhibit inhibition with eserine, a specific inhibitor of this enzyme. Subcellular localization of AChE in adult female worms shows enzyme activity both in the mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial fraction. However, enzyme activity in the soluble fraction is twenty-seven times greater than in the mitochondrial fraction.
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of nosocomial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital, Nepal
(Nepal Medical Association, 2009) Bidya Shrestha; B.M. Pokhrel; T.M. Mohapatra
Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the most common cause of nosocomial infection has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. They are normally resistant to most of the antibiotics used in clinical practice. This study has been carried out to find out the resistance pattern among S. aureus. Methods: During November 2007 to June 2008, clinical samples from patients with nosocomial infection were processed for culture and sensitivity following standard methodology in microbiology laboratory, Tribhuvan University teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Results: Among 149 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, highest resistance was observed against Penicillin (91.94%) followed by Fluoroquinolone (61.74%), Erythromycin (52.94%), Gentamicin (46.98%), Cotrimoxazole (42.95%), Tetracycline (40.94%) and others, whereas susceptibility was observed maximum against Chloramphenicol (94.85%) followed by Rifampicin (92.61%), Tetracycline (59.06%), Cotrimoxazole (57.04%), and others. None of the isolates were resistant to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin. Of these isolates 44.96 % of the isolates were Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance to Penicillin, Fluoroquinolone, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Co-trimoxazole and Tetracycline were associated significantly with MRSA isolates (X2= 8.779, p<0.05, X2= 74.233, p<0.05, X2= 84.2842, p<0.05, X2= 108.2032, p<0.05, X2= 88.1512, p<0.05 and X2= 79.1876, p<0.05 respectively). Although most of the Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were susceptible to both Rifampicin and Chloramphenicol, only Rifampicin susceptibility was significantly associated with them (X2= 10.1299, p<0.05). Among three Biochemical tests for the detection of β lactamase detection namely chromogenic, iodometric and acidimetric test, chromogenic test method had highest sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Since MRSA comprised a greater part of S. aureus isolates and were multi-resistant, patients infected by such strains should be identified and kept in isolation for hospital infection control and treated with second line of drug like vancomycin.
Bacterial Antigen Detection Test in Meningitis
(The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2003) B.K. Das; Rajesh Lal Gurubacharya; T.M. Mohapatra; O.P. Mishra
Objective: To evaluate the role of bacterial antigen detection test in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for a rapid etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Methods: The study included 36 cases of bacterial meningitis and 14 controls. Latex particle agglutination test (LPA test) for detection of bacterial antigen was done in the CSF using slidex meningitis kit (Biomeriux, France). Results: Using LPA test, an etiological diagnosis could be made in 83% cases of bacterial meningitis. In contrast, CSF Gram stain and culture showed 36% and 6% positivity, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LPA test were 83% and 100%, respectively. The common etiological organisms were S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b and N. meningitidis A. S. pneumoniae was encountered in all age groups while H. influenzae type b was found only below one year of age. Conclusions: LPA test is a rapid and superior diagnostic tool as compared to CSF Gram stain and culture. The study recommends LPA test as an adjunct laboratory test for rapid etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis for prompt institution of proper antibiotics.
Circulating immune complexes and complement in bancroftian filariasis.
(1991) G. Nath; T.M. Mohapatra; P.C. Sen
Sixty filarial cases, 30 endemic normal individuals and 10 non endemic subjects were investigated for the presence of Circulating Immune Complexes (CICs) and Complement Component C3. Using Polyethylene Glycol precipitation and Polyethylene Glycol precipitation-Complement Consumption methods, it was observed that CICs were raised significantly in chronic lymphatic filariasis and Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE) groups. The results observed by both the techniques for detection of CICs were comparable. Low levels of C3 were detected in chronic lymphatic filariasis cases by single radial immunodiffusion method, suggesting the utilization of complement by immune complexes.
Constitutive and inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and their association with meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA): experience from a tertiary care hospital in Nepal
(2009) T.M. Mohapatra; Bidya Shrestha; Bharat Mani Pokhrel
[No abstract available]
Diagnostic role of hepatitis B-virus antigen and alpha fetoprotein in liver cancers
(1986) M. Kumar; S.K. Roy; T.M. Mohapatra; S. Khanna
[No abstract available]
Evaluation of gel diffusion precipitation test in invasive amoebiasis
(1978) T.M. Mohapatra; S.C. Sanyal; P.C. Sen; M.K. Mishra; J.P. Gupta
Agar-gel diffusion (Ouchterlony's technique) test was carried out with sera from 85 persons consisting of different forms of amoebiasis and controls. Precipitin bands were observed in 60% cases of amoebic dysentery and 74.3% cases of amoebic liver abscess. The results of the gel diffusion test were compared with that of the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). The former became positive whenever IHA titre was 1 : 486 or above. The number of precipitin bands increased with the increase of IHA titre. Although gel diffusion was found to be less sensitive than IHA, its use is recommended as a routine method of sero-diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis, where the sophisticated laboratory techniques are not available.
Evaluation of parasitological and serological techniques in diagnosis of amoebiasis
(1979) T.M. Mohapatra; S.C. Sanyal; S. Mithal; P.C. Sen; A.K. Agarwal; M.K. Mishra; J.P. Gupta
Parasitological investigations carried out on 324 subjects of symptomatic and asymptomatic amoebiasis showed that formol-ether concentration was a superior technique than examination of 3 consecutive stool specimens by direct microscopy in cases of colitis, hepatitis and cyst passers. Culture of pus yielded better results than the other techniques for examination of stool in cases of liver abscess. Indirect haemagglutination test carried out with 238 sera from cases confirmed to be either positive or negative for Entamoeba histolytica revealed good correlation of its results with parasitological investigations in cases of dysentery and hepatitis. This test proved to be much superior to parasitological investigations in diagnosis of liver abscess. A close correlation between the results of gel-diffusion and I.H.A. was observed in dysentery and liver abscess group, although I.H.A. was more sensitive. Precipitin band appeared in gel-diffusion test only when the I.H.A. titre was 1:486 and the number of bands increased with rise in the titre.
Evaluation of specific and non-specific cellular immune responses in amoebiasis patients
(Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2004) N. Arianpour; T.M. Mohapatra
Specific and non-specific cellular immune responses were studied in 20 amoebiasis cases and 10 controls. All the study cases and controls were Indians living in Varanasi, India. Ten amoebic liver abscess cases were patients admitted to University hospital. Ten non-invasive intestinal amoebiasis cases constituted the second study group. Non-specific immune responses were studied using E-rosette technique. Specific cellular immune response was evaluated by measuring tritiated thymidine uptake by transformed lymphocytes using crude amoebic extract prepared from axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica NIH: 200 and two of its chromatographed fractions, i.e. fraction I (FI) & fraction II (FII) as well as a mitogen, i.e. Phyto Haemagglutinin-A (PHA). Results show those crude antigens followed by FI & FII are able to induce blastoid transformation of lymphocytes prepared from different cases. Moreover, it was shown that specific cellular immune response was greatly depressed in amoebic liver abscess cases (P<0.001). While the CPM (count per minute) of different groups on using PHA for stimulation did not vary significantly. © 2004, Iranian Journal of Public Health. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of the micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of invasive amoebiasis
(1983) T.M. Mohapatra; P.C. Sen
[No abstract available]
Immunodiagnosis of filariasis
(1986) G. Sengupta; T.M. Mohapatra; P.C. Sen
The sensitivity and specificity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test and the counter-current immuno-electrophoresis test (CIEP) were assessed in the diagnosis of filariasis. Positive reactions were observed in 91% and 86% of cases by ELISA and IHA respectively. CIEP detected only 31.5% of cases. Cross-reaction due to intestinal nematodes was observed in 80% of cases by both ELISA and IHA whereas with CIEP cross-reaction was observed in 10% of cases. The microfilaria count was inversely proportional to the antibody titre among asymptomatic carriers. ELISA was the most sensitive test, followed by IHA and then CIEP. CIEP, though it detected only a small number of cases, was observed to be the most specific.
In-silico study of transcription factor binding elements of human PAX gene family members
(2013) Rashmi; V.K. Singh; A.N. Gangopadhyay; G.L. Shah; A. Khanna; T.M. Mohapatra; Om Shankar; Royana Singh
PAX gene family members, tissue specific transcription factors mainly involved, in the formation of tissues and. organs during embryonic development and has important role in transcriptional regulation. The presence of consensus paired domain play significant role in DNA-binding transcription regulation with PAX domain. Regulatory behavior of PAX family members were determined using cis-acting elements study and repeat identification. The study helped in investigating the potential conserved motifs in the paired domain. Further, investigation of cis-acting elements was done to elucidate the function for each PAX members and then repeat analyses and their correlation with functional elements were done. The study illustrates that the cis-acting elements are involved in tissue specific developmental expression and transcription al regulation of PAX family members. Further, based on physiochemical property study of these PAX gene family members it was found that they are mainly Ser, Pro, Gly and Ala rich amino acids. It was found that repeats containing functional DNA motifs interact with signature motifs of paired domain. The mam six signature motifs NQLGG, NGRPLP, RPC, SR, GCVSKIL and PGAIGGSKP are involved in interaction. Altogether, this study provides new insights into the regulatory behavior of upstream region of each PAX members and its effect in trans criptional regulation and developmental expression of these PAX members with involvement in disease management. © 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
In-vitro evaluation of "piperacillin and tazobactum" combination in a tertiary-care hospital - A preliminary study [1]
(2006) Namrata Kumari; T.M. Mohapatra; Amreshwar Rai; S.K. Bhattacharya
[No abstract available]
Molecular epidemiology of MRSA among nasal carriers in a tertiary care hospital: first report from Nepal
(2010) B. Shrestha; B.M. Pokhrel; T.M. Mohapatra
[No abstract available]
Neuroprotective potentials of neurotrophin rich olfactory ensheathing cell's conditioned media against 6OHDA-induced oxidative damage
(Informa Healthcare, 2014) A. Shukla; T.M. Mohapatra; D. Parmar; K. Seth
On the basis of recent reports, we propose that impaired neurotrophin signaling (PI3k/Akt), low antioxidant levels, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) conjointly participate in the progressive events responsible for the dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study we tried to target these deficits collectively through multiple neurotrophic factors (NTFs) support in the form of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell's Conditioned Media (OEC CM) using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 6 hydroxydopamine (6OHDA). 6OHDA exposure induced, oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death viz. enhanced ROS generation, diffused cytosolic cytochrome c (cyt c), impaired Bcl-2: Bax levels along with decrease in GSH content. These changes were accompanied by loss in Akt phosphorylation and TH levels in SH-SY5Y cells. OEC CM significantly checked apoptotic cell death by preserving pAkt levels which coincided with enhanced GSH and suppressed oxidative injury. Functional integrity of OEC CM supported cells was evident by maintained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. Intercepting Akt signaling by specific inhibitor LY294002 blocked the protective effect. Taken together our findings provide important evidence that the key to protective effect of multiple NTF support via OEC CM is enhanced Akt survival signaling which promotes antioxidant defense leading to suppression of oxidative damage. © 2014 Informa UK, Ltd.
Observations on carbapenem resistance by minimum inhibitory concentration in nosocomial isolates of acinetobacter species: An experience at a tertiary care hospital in north India
(2008) A. Gaur; A. Garg; P. Prakash; S. Anupurba; T.M. Mohapatra
Acinetobacter species are emerging as an important nosocomial pathogen. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. has limited the option for effective treatment. Although carbapenems are effective for the treatment of such infections, resistance to this drug has recently been reported. This study was undertaken to assess resistance to carbapenem in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. from hospitalized patients by both disc-diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. All clinical samples from suspected cases of nosocomial infections were processed, and 265 isolates were identified as Acinetobacter species. These isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance by the disc-diffusion method with 14 antimicrobials, including meropenem and imipenem. Thereafter, all Acinetobacter species were subjected to MIC for meropenem. More than 80% resistance to second- and third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and quinolones was recorded. Thirty percent of the strains were resistant to cefoperazone/sulbactam. Resistance to meropenem was observed in 6.4% of Acinetobacter spp. while 8.3% of the isolates showed intermediate resistance detected by MIC. All carbapenem-resistant/intermediate strains were also resistant to other (>10) antibiotics tested by the disc-diffusion method. The rising trend of resistance to carbapenem poses an alarming threat to the treatment for such infections. Regular monitoring, judicious prescription, and early detection of resistance to carbapenem are necessary to check further dissemination of drug resistance in Acinetobacter spp. © International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.
Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary referral hospital in eastern Uttar Pradesh
(L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, 2003) S. Anupurba; M.R. Sen; G. Nath; B.M. Sharma; A.K. Gulati; T.M. Mohapatra
We report the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in our hospital located in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Out of total 549 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical specimens 301 (54.85%) were found to be methicillin resistant. More than 80% of MRSA were found to be resistant to penicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, 60.5% to amikacin and 47.5% to netilmicin. However, no strains were resistant to vancomycin. Many MRSA strains (32.0%) were multi-drug resistant. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA, the regular surveillance of hospital associated infection, monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern and formulation of definite antibiotic policy may be helpful.
Salsolinol induced apoptotic changes in neural stem cells: Amelioration by neurotrophin support
(2013) A. Shukla; T.M. Mohapatra; A.K. Agrawal; D. Parmar; K. Seth
Salsolinol (SAL), a catechol isoquinoline has invited considerable attention due to its structural similarity with dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Its high endogenous presence in Parkinsonian brain implicated its possible association with the disease process. SAL is also present in alcohol beverages and certain food materials and can get access to brain especially in conditions of immature or impaired BBB. Besides this, the effect of SAL on neural stem cells (NSCs) which are potential candidates for adult neurogenesis and transplantation mediated rejuvenating attempts for Parkinson's disease (PD) brain has not been known so far. NSCs in both the cases have to overcome suppressive cues of diseased brain for their survival and function.In this study we explored the toxicity of SAL toward NSCs focusing on apoptosis and status of PI3K survival signaling. NSCs cultured from embryonic day 11 rat fetal brain including those differentiated to TH+ve colonies, when challenged with SAL (1-100μM), elicited a concentration and time dependent cell death/loss of mitochondrial viability. 10μM SAL on which significant mitochondrial impairment initiated was further used to study mechanism of toxicity. Morphological impairment, enhanced TUNEL positivity, cleaved caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2:Bax suggested apoptosis. Sal toxicity coincided with reduced pAkt level and its downstream effectors: pCREB, pGSK-3β, Bcl-2 and neurotrophins GDNF, BDNF suggesting repressed PI3K/Akt signaling.Multiple neurotrophic factor support in the form of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell's Conditioned Media (OEC CM) potentially protected NSCs against SAL through activating PI3K/Akt pathway. This was confirmed on adding LY294002 the PI3K inhibitor which abolished the protection.We inferred that SAL exerts substantial toxicity toward NSCs. These findings will lead to better understanding of endogenous threats that might affect the fate of transplanted NSCs and their probable antidotes. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Serum immunoglobulins and complement componnt C3 in Bancroftian filariasis
(1989) G. Nath; T.M. Mohapatra; P.C. Sen
[No abstract available]
Superiority of dat over ELISA as a diagnostic and seroepidemiological tool for the diagnosis of Indian Kala-Azar
(L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, 2004) R.K. Goyal; T.M. Mohapatra
The aim of this study was to evaluate two methods for the diagnosis of Kala-azar. The sera of 160 individuals were evaluated by ELISA using soluble antigen and direct agglutination test (DAT) for Kala-azar. These were categorized as 100 cases of clinically and parasitologically confirmed Kala-azar and 60 controls. The controls included clinically suspected but parasitologically not confirmed Kala-azar patients (10), endemic normals (15), non-endemic normals (19), typhoid fever (10) and malaria (15). The positivity rate amongst the clinically and parasitologically confirmed Kala-azar patients by ELISA and DAT were 93% and 98% respectively. Out of 10 clinically suspected Kala-azar cases three showed positive reaction in ELISA and two in DAT. Of the endemic normals, one case was found positive by both the tests whereas ELISA was found positive in one additional case. DAT did not show any cross reactivity with malaria while ELISA was found positive in one case. Both endemic normals and typhoid fever cases showed no reaction by both tests. ELISA showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 93%, 90%, 93% and 90% respectively while for DAT these values were 98%, 95%, 98 and 95% respectively. The diagnostic accuracy for ELISA and DAT was found to be 91.9% and 96.9%, respectively. The present study shows that DAT is a simple, sensitive, specific and cost effective test with high PPV and NPV along with approximately 97% diagnostic accuracy and is comparable to ELISA. It may be applied for the routine diagnosis as well as seroepidemiological study of Kala-azar.