2024

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A comprehensive review of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and concomitant resource recovery
(Elsevier, 2024) Atun Roy Choudhury; Neha Singh; Vihangraj V. Kulkarni; Vishal; Ayushi Gupta; Caitano Jose Fernandes; Subhasmita Sahoo; Sankar Ganesh Palani; Surajit Chakraborty
Due to the ever-rising demand for meat, the number of slaughterhouses and associated wastewater generation have significantly increased in the recent past. Processes such as lairage, sticking, washing, hide storage, and rendering require a huge volume of water. Tentatively, 82%-98% of the entire water consumed (~1100L of freshwater/adult ruminant) for slaughtering and ancillary processes gets converted as wastewater. The typical ranges of the parameters that characterize slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) are: pH: 6.2-7.9, TSS: 14,000-19,000mg/L, TDS: 1200-350,000mg/L, FOG: 12,000-37,000mg/L, COD: 4200-120,000mg/L, BOD: 1800-49,000mg/L, TKN: 120-1105mg/L, TP: 3-305mg/L. Large variations and a severely high concentration of nutrients and FOG complicate the SWW treatment and recovery processes. Formerly, a combination of pretreatment (drum screen, settler, coagulation and flocculation) followed by physical treatment (dissolved air floatation) or biological treatment (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, activated sludge process) was practiced to treat SWW. But the process requires a long start-up, acclimatization period, and large area, yet lacks efficacy, especially in removing TP. So, in recent times, advanced pretreatment by electrocoagulation followed by secondary treatment using an anaerobic baffled reactor or anaerobic sequencing batch reactor is practiced. Further, the treated effluent is subjected to membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis processes. Such a treatment strategy could lead to 90% efficiency or more. The treatment cost is approximately 0.12 USD/KL, which can be further lowered by facilitating energy recovery as methane-rich biogas from the anaerobic process (250mLCH4 gVS−1 SWW). The treated wastewater can be rationally reused to partially compensate for the water demand for in-situ processes such as scalding, chilling, dehairing, slaughter-line rind treatment, carcass dressing, cutting, deboning, and fat plant. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.
A Critique: Advancement and Applications of Surgical Sutures in Medical Implants
(CRC Press, 2024) Shovan Ghosh; Vivek Dave; Prashansa Sharma; Pranay Wal
Surgical sutures are thread-like structures that play a crucial role in injury management by holding tissue at the site of application. This became an important aspect in the promotion of any wound healing properties. In this chapter, we cover those areas along with their different classifications based on construction, degradation behavior, surface texture, size, coating, use, etc. The site of application, the risk factor, the mechanical requirement, and the depth of injury all influence the choice of suture, and choosing the right sutures always maximizes wound healing. The use of modified electrospinning in surgical sutures is important in the incorporation of bioactive molecules in sutures, which improves healing and can also deliver drugs. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Prashansa Sharma, Devsuni Singh, Suman Pant and Vivek Dave; individual chapters, the contributors.
A Note on Hardy Inequalities in Metric Measure Spaces for the Case p=1
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Anjali Shriwastawa
In this note, we announce the two-weight Hardy inequalities on metric measure spaces possessing a polar decomposition for the case p=1 and 1≤q<∞ obtained in the paper Ruzhansky et al. (Hardy inequalities on metric measure spaces, IV: The case p=1. Forum Mathematicum, 2024, to appear. https://doi.org/10.1515/forum-2023-0319.). We refer to Ruzhansky et al. (Hardy inequalities on metric measure spaces, IV: The case p=1. Forum Mathematicum, 2024, to appear. https://doi.org/10.1515/forum-2023-0319.) for the complete proofs and more details. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
A Qualitative Enquiry of the Experience of Music Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Taylor and Francis, 2024) Shalini Mittal; Tushar Singh; Durgesh Kumar Upadhyay; Bhawna Tushir
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic became a new normal in today’s world and has changed the consumption pattern and absorption of music and music apps in India. The music industry is relatively non-telecommutable, making working from home difficult during the imposed lockdown and social distancing norms. These conditions had adverse effects on the physical and mental health of music professionals. Therefore, it was crucial to understand the differential impact of COVID-19 on music professionals to find effective solutions and plan for future careers in a changed music industry. Method: The current paper qualitatively explored the experiences of the music professionals participating in this research during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Twelve participants having 8 years of average professional experience (comprising singers, instrumentalists, music teachers, composers, YouTube content creators) were telephonically interviewed during the second wave of COVID-19 in India. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis. Results: The thematic content analysis resulted in the emergence of two major themes identified from the participants’ narratives were ‘impact on participating music professionals’ and ‘coping reactions’. Conclusion: The themes emerged from analysis highlighted the impact of COVID-19 on these music professionals and the coping reactions utilized by them. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Dr Uzaina, Dr Rajesh Verma with Dr Ruchi Pandey; individual chapters, the contributors.
A review of diagnostic methods for rice fungal pathogens
(Apple Academic Press, 2024) Basavaraj Teli; Raina Bajpai; Md. Mahtab Rashid; Jhumishree Meher
Advancement in the diagnosis of rice fungal diseases helps in the rapid detection of disease-causal agents which play a strategic role in managing the disease. Various diagnosis techniques, that is, symptomatic-based, serological, molecular, and biosensor are developed over the period for the diagnosis of fungal pathogens and performing well with appropriate scientific evidences and accuracy to identify rice disease. Adaptation of such techniques in rice crop protection can help in early diagnosis and overcome the crop loss to increase the economics of the farmer. Hence, this chapter summarizes the available techniques best suited for the diagnosis of rice fungal pathogens. © 2024 Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Abiotic Stress-Induced Epigenetic Modifications in Plants
(Springer Nature, 2024) Preeti Patel; Archana Prasad; Satya Shila Singh
Plants are constantly exposed to various unfavourable environmental conditions, which drive them to adopt several survival strategies including epigenetic modifications. These modifications correlate with the expression of genes via transcriptional regulation deprived of altering the DNA sequences. Stress tolerance in plants is significantly conferred by epigenetic changes including small RNA- mediated silencing, histone alterations, and DNA methylation. These modifications also facilitate long-term stress tolerance adaptation via persistent gene regulation or transgenerational inheritance. Various advantageous traits in crop improvement are governed by the heritable epigenetic changes as epialleles. Recently, many studies emphasized the mechanism and regulation of epigenetic modifications adopted by plants in response to different stress. These modifications play an important role in governing stress tolerance, acclimatization, adaptation, and evolution practices. This chapter emphasizes the abiotic stress-induced epigenetic modifications and their regulation in plants. Further, the exploration of epigenetic changes leading to the production of stress-tolerant crops is also discussed. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Abusive comment detection in Tamil using deep learning
(Elsevier, 2024) Deepawali Sharma; Vedika Gupta; Vivek Kumar Singh
During the recent years, online social media have expanded in volume and coverage and have become a significant source of information for different groups of people. The comments posted on social media can be emotion-laden and hence can create an impact on mental health of an individual or a group of individuals. One such category of posts includes comments that are abusive or hateful in nature. The comments that spread hate and are abusive in nature usually target certain individuals or some specific communities. It is, therefore, very important to know about them and perhaps be able to detect such content in time. While there exist methods for automated detection of hate speech from posts in English language, there is relatively less research done on other low-resource languages, such as Tamil. This chapter presents an overview of research on detecting hate speech in low-resource languages and explores application of various deep learning models for the task. The abusive comments are classified in different categories: Homophobia, Xenophobia, Transphobic, Misandry, Misogyny, Counter-speech, and Hope speech, from Tamil and Tamil–English code-mixed language. Those comments that are not in the Tamil language are categorized as “Not-Tamil.” The following deep learning models: recurrent neural network, long-short term memory (LSTM), and bidirectional LSTM, are applied to the task. Experimental results are presented along with an analysis of the quality of results. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Academic leadership strategy in world-class higher education
(Taylor and Francis, 2024) Santanu Kumar Swain; Babita Singh; Shikha Pandey
[No abstract available]
Acute viral encephalitis, meningitis, and cerebral malaria
(Elsevier, 2024) Anand Kumar; Neha Lall
In spite of significant economic growth, medical advances, and access to healthcare, infectious disease remains the major health issue in India. Acute central nervous system infections often lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The highest level of suspicion is the key in establishing early diagnosis and ensuring appropriate treatment. Although acute viral meningitis is relatively less serious as compared with viral encephalitis, it may pose significant disability. On the other hand, cerebral malarial is life-threatening condition with very high mortality. Establishing viral diagnosis helps in prognosis, patient care, and reduced use of unnecessary antimicrobial treatment. Apt diagnosis shortens hospital stay and helps in reducing further spread of infection. Advanced diagnostic tools such as polymerase chain reaction facilitate early detection of viral genomes and aid in rapid diagnosis of viral encephalitis as well as meningitis. Similarly, rapid antigen detection test catches cerebral malaria in early stage and more accurately than conventional microscopy method. Appropriate treatment with antiviral in selected cases of viral infection not only prevents serious morbidity and mortality but also reduces financial burden. Newer antimalarial drugs such as artesunate or quinine in case of cerebral malaria definitely improve the survival rate and have favorable prognosis. For all vector-borne diseases, the convectional primary prevention strategies such as mosquito control, bed nets, repellants, and chemoprophylaxis must be used widely. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Adaptation of Photoautotrophs in Extraterrestrial Environments: Responses and Mechanisms of Survival
(Springer Nature, 2024) Sindhunath Chakraborty; Ranjan Kumar Tiwari
In the last few decades, impeccable progress has been made in the field of astro- biological research whose purpose was to search for efficient Earth organisms capable of surviving in space environment followed by using them as tools for human space exploration. Among the investigated organisms, photoautotrophs constitute the most rigorously studied group. In the present chapter, responses and survival strategies of photoautotrophs in space and/or simulated extraterrestrial conditions have been discussed in detail. Space exposure and survival- related studies on photoautotrophs have mainly been performed using cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and higher plants. Reports accumulated over 60 years reflected that many species belonging to these photoautotrophic groups have an outstanding ability to survive in space. However, the exact mechanisms of their survival in space have not yet been completely explored. In order to unveil the survival strategies of photoautotrophs in space environment, various plant species i.e. Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa var. nipposinica, Ceratopteris richardii and Oryza sativa, have recently been studied thoroughly through mRNAseq and microarray-based transcriptomic analyses. Results obtained from these studies denoted that plants exhibit a myriad of survival responses like cell wall remodelling, oxidative stress, activation of antioxidative machineries, lipid utilization, cell cycle regulation, increased telomerase activity, reduced genome oxidation, altered hormone signalling, protection of photosynthetic apparatus etc. Few identical responses like oxidative stress, activation of. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Additives and Nutritional Supplements for Transition Cows
(Springer Singapore, 2024) Dilshad Kour; Divya Sharma; Vijay Kumar Sharma; M.S. Mahesh
Peri-partum/transition period is a hypercritical phase with respect to physiological and metabolic adaptions in dairy cows to cope with the growing nutritional demands of the fetus as well as the ensuing lactation immediately post-calving. Hence, nutritional governance during this timescale is of utmost note to deal with any possible ongoing metabolic dysfunctions. Feeding management during transition period regulates the milk yield, subsequent reproductive structure, overall well-being of the animal and consequently economic returns to dairy enterprises. While the milk yield peaks around 4–8 weeks post-partum, the dry matter intake starts increasing gradually and peaks around 10–15 weeks post-partum, and thus creating a 6–8 week stretch of negative energy balance. Besides managing energy status, the present chapter identifies a range of additives and supplements critical for integrated nutritional management to successfully transition dairy cows through multifactorial peri-parturient stress. Furthermore, the practical insights on the necessary nutritional strategies of both pre-and post-partum transition are dealt in a comprehensive way. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Advancement of Nanomedical Biotextiles for Infection Control and Protection Materials
(CRC Press, 2024) Shovan Ghosh; Vivek Dave; Prashansa Sharma; Pranay Wal
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a health-related product used for individual protection and infection control, so those products must contain some standard quality. The application of biotextiles is effectively improving the protection quality and acceptance of PPE in terms like strength, protective efficiency, biosafety, rigidity, comfort, etc. The properties of different natural and synthetic polymers are incorporated, along with different nanomaterials, in the medical biotextile structure through fabrication technologies like melt extraction, electrospinning, wet spinning, etc., and coating. These processes contribute to the increased efficiency of textiles, which is why their use in the medical field is growing. We will look at a few key pieces of personal protective equipment (PPE) that have become an important part of our daily lives as a result of the recent pandemic, such as protective face masks and face shields for respiratory control, gloves for hand hygiene and health hazards protection, gowns for full body protection, and nanocare wipes as a health-hygienic product, in this chapter. Though polymer-based products play an important role in human safety, extreme use and improper disposal of those plastic-based products create environmental threats, so proper control is necessary. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Prashansa Sharma, Devsuni Singh, Suman Pant and Vivek Dave; individual chapters, the contributors.
Advances in Freeze Drying to Improve Efficiency and Maintain Quality of Dehydrated Fruit and Vegetable Products
(wiley, 2024) Swati Sharma; Kalyan Barman; Hare Krishna; Surya N. Chaurasia; Arun S. Mujumdar
[No abstract available]
ADVANCES IN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
(CRC Press, 2024) K. Manjunatha; D.J. Shrinivasa; C.R. Chethan; T.M. Anandakumar
[No abstract available]
ADVANCES IN OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
(CRC Press, 2024) T.M. Anandakumar; C.R. Chethan; D.J. Shrinivasa; K. Manjunatha
[No abstract available]
Advances in Semiconducting Fibers
(CRC Press, 2024) Sanjeev Verma; Tapas Das; Shivani Verma; Ram K. Gupta; Bhawna Verma
The development of semiconductor fiber technology in recent years has been accelerated by improvements in fabrication and post-processing methods. Numerous opportunities, including solar energy harvesting, photodetection, signal modulation, and in-fiber frequency generation, have been made possible by combining the electronic and optical functions of fiber-structured semiconductor materials. An outline of the most recent developments in semiconductor material fibers, such as manufacturing and after-processing techniques, optical characteristics and different materials, is provided in this chapter. Applications for lasers, multimaterial functional fibers, optical–electrical conversion and nonlinear optics are also presented. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Ram K. Gupta; individual chapters, the contributors.
Agro-residue Wastes as a Key to Unlocking Future Bio-energy Potentials
(CRC Press, 2024) Aditi Roy; Priya Dubey; Ekta Gupta; Anju Patel; Suchi Srivastava; Pankaj Kumar Srivastava
Improvements in the search and utilisation of energy sources have unquestionably changed global lifestyle. Access to sufficient and sustainable energy is crucial for industrialisation as it plays a dynamic role in achieving economic domination and independence on the global stage. Extensive application of non-renewable fossil fuels gave rise to major environmental issues like increase in greenhouse gases and social costs of carbon. This has shifted the attention and dependence toward sustainable renewable energy resources. Amongst all, agricultural biomass remarks as the fourth largest contributor of renewable energy. Within developing countries like India, huge quantities of agricultural biomass are converted into valuable bioenergy. Agricultural, forestry, household, commercial and industrial residues and wastes constitute the raw material for bioenergy production. Recently, many developed countries with significant agricultural potential have attempted to harness their biomass resources to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Thus, the current chapter intends to evaluate the potential of agro-residue wastes for bioenergy production. Bioenergy derived from agricultural leftovers provides a practical and sustainable alternative to conventional approaches. Additionally, it can increase marginal and small farmer’s income and employment prospects. The present study focuses on providing comprehensive information about the production and utilisation of agricultural residues in different energy sectors. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Adarsh Kumar, Saroj Kumar and Sheel Ratna; individual chapters, the contributors.
Agroforestry Systems: An Effective Toolfor Carbon Sequestration
(Apple Academic Press, 2024) Chandini Pradhan; A.K. Ghosh; Preeti Singh; Rajendra Gadhwal
The consequences of global warming on climate change (CC) are now evident to all. The escalating level of greenhouse gases is the root cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs). As per reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the levels of current GHG, especially CO2 have increased drastically about 30% in the atmosphere as compared to the pre-industrial levels. Such drastic increase of CO2 has occurred due to anthropogenic activities like vehicular emission due to combustion of fossil fuels, emission from industries and replacement of tropical forests by agricultural lands. In order to mitigate this hazard C-sequestration has emerged as an effective way wherein the atmospheric carbon is being converted and stored in a form that is unavailable. In terms of sequestration, plant and soil organic carbon (SOC) act as an excellent carbon sink (25% of global carbon (GC) stocks, i.e., 2,000 ± 500 Pg) and their benefits can be maximized if they are managed and manipulated in various biomes. One such option is agroforestry systems which judiciously combine the woody perennials or trees with crops, livestock, and pastures for deriving maximum ecological benefit from their interaction. The tree component in such systems serve as a long-term sink for carbon. Moreover, agroforestry systems have the ability to sequester carbon both in the aboveground andbelowground biomass portions as well as soil. It is estimated that the agroforestry systems can potentially store approximately up to 30–300 Mg C ha–1 in one meter soil depth. Thus, the chapter encapsulates brief definitions, extent, and types of agroforestry systems present across world, mechanism C-sequestration by agroforestry systems and ancillary benefits associated with them. In addition, some lights have been thrown on international policies for promoting agroforestry all of the world, their execution, loopholes, and recommendations. © 2025 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Algal Biorefinery: An Integrated Approach for Biofuels and Bio Commodities Production Coupled with Environmental Sustainability
(CRC Press, 2024) Dinesh Kumar Saini; Diya Roy; Pratyoosh Shukla; Sunil Pabbi
Algae are fast-growing ubiquitous photosynthetic organisms that are highly diverse and comprise both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These photoautotrophic organisms with immense plasticity in both morphology (being filamentous, unicellular, and/or colony-forming) and metabolic activity are a well-known natural resource for pigments, vitamins, lipids, biofuels, polysaccharides, bioactive compounds, proteins, etc. In recent times, algae are gaining interest among researchers and industries as a sustainable source of feedstock for biofuels and other non-fuel bioactive compounds. These valuable products have several applications in food and feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Moreover, the role of algae in environment sustainability, especially in CO2 sequestration and bioremediation of wastewater, is well documented. The present chapter highlights the importance of algae-based biorefinery as a viable approach for biofuel and bio commodities production. In addition, current research on the cultivation of algae with wastewater for remediation and production of high-value compounds is discussed along with its possible impact on the environment. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Nivedita Sahu and S. Sridhar; individual chapters, the contributors.
An introduction to biomaterials
(Elsevier, 2024) Naveen Kumar; Vineet Kumar; Anil Kumar Gangwar; Sameer Shrivastava; Sonal Saxena; Sangeeta Devi Khangembam; Swapan Kumar Maiti; Rahul Kumar Udehiya; Mamta Mishra; Pawan Diwan Singh Raghuvanshi; Naresh Kumar Singh
A biomaterial can be defined as any material used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic, and physiologically acceptable manner. Some people refer to materials of biological origin, such as wood and bone, as biomaterials, but we refer to such materials as “biological materials.” A variety of devices and materials are used in the treatment of disease or injury. Commonplace examples include sutures, tooth fillings, needles, catheters, bone plates, etc. A biomaterial may be a synthetic material used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.