2024
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PublicationReview Ayush Kwath: A Major Contribution of Ayurveda in Preventing COVID-19 Infection(Bentham Science Publishers, 2024) Priya Katoch; Kirti Raina; Rohit Sharma; Ashun ChaudharyBackground: Ayush Kwath is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) of dry Tulsi leaves, Cinnamon bark, Sunthi rhizome, and black pepper fruit. Methods: This PHF contain phytochemicals that help in boosting immunity; hence, it is suggested as a preventive measure against the coronavirus. Ayurveda is an ancient Indian medicine system that offers treatment for various diseases with the help of herbal, animal, or mineral-based formulations. Currently, the entire globe is facing the challenge of combating the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 19) is a highly infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) that belongs to a large family of coronaviruses. Results: Most people who are affected by this virus experience mild to moderate symptoms of pneumonia, but older people or those with weakened immune systems, for example, those suffering from cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or chronic respiratory diseases, are more likely to develop serious respiratory illnesses. As there is no registered medicine against COVID-19, strengthening the immune system is an effective way to tackle this disease. Conclusion: Ayush Kwath, a natural immunity booster, has been approved by the Ministry of AYUSH as a prophylactic measure to fight against novel coronavirus infection. © 2024 Bentham Science Publishers.PublicationArticle Regulation of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease via nanoparticle-loaded phytocompounds with anti-inflammatory and autophagy-inducing properties(Elsevier GmbH, 2024) Vinayak Nayak; Sushmita Patra; Shrushti Rout; Atala Bihari Jena; Rohit Sharma; Kali Prasad Pattanaik; Jay Singh; Shyam S. Pandey; Ravindra Pratap Singh; Sanatan Majhi; Kshitij RB Singh; Rout George KerryBackground: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuroinflammation linked to amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and phosphorylated tau (τ) protein in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Key elements in Aβ production and NFT assembly, like γ-secretase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), contribute to neuroinflammation. In addition, impaired proteosomal and autophagic pathways increase Aβ and τ aggregation, leading to neuronal damage. Conventional neuroinflammation drugs have limitations due to unidirectional therapeutic approaches and challenges in crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Clinical trials for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other therapeutics remain uncertain. Novel strategies addressing the complex pathogenesis and BBB translocation are needed to effectively tackle AD-related neuroinflammation. Purpose: The current scenario demands for a much-sophisticated theranostic measures which could be achieved via customized engineering and designing of novel nanotherapeutics. As, these therapeutics functions as a double edge sword, having the efficiency of unambiguous targeting, multiple drug delivery and ability to cross BBB proficiently. Methods: Inclusion criteria involve selecting recent, English-language studies from the past decade (2013–2023) that explore the regulation of neuroinflammation in neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β, tau protein, nanoparticles, autophagy, and phytocompounds. Various study types, including clinical trials, experiments, and reviews, were considered. Exclusion criteria comprised non-relevant publication types, studies unrelated to Alzheimer's disease or phytocompounds, those with methodological flaws, duplicates, and studies with inaccessible data. Results: In this study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with specific phytocompounds and coated with an antibody targeting the transferrin receptor (anti-TfR) present on BBB. Thereafter, the engineered nanoparticles with the ability to efficiently traverse the BBB and interact with target molecules within the brain, could induce autophagy, a cellular process crucial for neuronal health, and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. Henceforth, the proposed combination of desired phytocompounds, polymeric nanoparticles, and anti-TfR coating presents a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to the brain, with potential implications in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. © 2023 Elsevier GmbHPublicationArticle Flavonoids from Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima with leishmanicidal activity: computational and experimental evidence(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Abdur Rauf; Umer Rashid; Abdullah Muhammad Shbeer; Mohammed Al-Ghorbani; Naveed Muhammad; Anees Ahmed Khalil; Humaira Naz; Rohit Sharma; Giovanni RibaudoPistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima is a valuable medicinal plant as its parts and extracts found application for treating diarrhea, fever, liver disorders, asthma, and inflammation. In this study, we report the leishmanicidal activity of sakuranetin, spinacetin, and patuletin extracted from P. chinensis. The tested compounds revealed a strong anti-leishmanial activity in vitro against Leishmania major showing IC50 values of 7.98 ± 0.16 µM, 9.23 ± 0.23 µM 11.09 ± 0.87 µM for sakuranetin, spinacetin, and patuletin, respectively. Moreover, to explore the potential mechanism(s) by which the compounds may act, computational docking studies were performed against dihydrofolate reductase and pteridine reductase, showing that the flavonoids could target these two key enzymes to exploit their leishmanicidal activity. In accordance with in vitro results, patuletin was highlighted as the most promising compound of the set, and binding energy values of −6.72 and −6.74 kcal/mol were computed for the two proteins, respectively. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.PublicationLetter Co-infections and immune-evading viral hybrids: A perspective(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Ryan Varghese; Dileep Kumar; Rohit Sharma; Shopnil AkashBackground and Aims: Co-infections occur when two or more different types of pathogens infect the same host at the same time. Initially, it may develop via a primary infection and then later segue into a superinfection. Although some research suggests that coinfections do not affect the effect of disease outcomes, alternate evidence says otherwise. While the disease outcomes are frequently influenced by the interactions between many viruses, how these viruses interact during coinfections is poorly understood. This article aims to shed light on the interaction between viruses at a cellular and subcellular level, and the clinical implications for the same. Methods: The articles were sought by conducting a thorough literature search on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, PubMed Central, Dimensions, and EBSCO Host, using keywords such as coinfections, virus, viral hybrids, and superinfection. The articles pertinent to the concept were then included. Results: There is a growing body of evidence that suggests the formation of hybrid viral particles (HVPs) which conjugate at the cellular and subcellular level. While the formation of HVPs is bizarre, it may potentially have a profound effect on the clinical manifestations. Conclusion: While there has been evidence of the formation of HVPs between a couple of viruses, researchers fear the existence of several other combinations, including zoonotic viruses. While this could be detrimental to the human race both at an individual—as well as a community-level, an in-depth understanding of the same may help in better management of the clinical manifestations of the disease. © 2024 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.PublicationReview Natural products in neuroprotective therapies: Experimental and cheminformatics approaches to manage neurological disorders(EnPress Publisher, LLC, 2024) Md. Mominur Rahman; Md. Abid Hossain; Kajima Rifat; Saila Kabir Maeesa; A. M. Abu Sayem Rahman; Mahamuda Akter Mim; Nasrin Sultana; Dipongkar Ray Sobuj; Israt Jahan Tamanna; Md. Rezaul Islam; Sharifa Sultana; Arifa Sultana; Rohit Sharma; Rajeev K. SinglaNeurological disorders (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), epilepsy, despondency, and dementia have been evidenced as a rising concern among diverse geographical regions. Brain-related diseases are currently the main concern because they increase mortality and morbidity in the elderly. Regardless of the continual efforts by modern scientists to develop a promising pharmacological or surgical management, the outcome has not been satisfactory. Also, due to synthetic drugs’ associated side effects, scientists have taken the initiative to consider using natural compounds as an alternative. Hence, they obtain pretty effective results by using natural compounds. Natural ingredients are synthesized from a variety of plant and animal sources. These natural ingredients cure brain diseases through a variety of mechanisms. For effective medication advancement, the molecules must go through preliminary clinical systems that require some investment and significant speculation. In this situation, cheminformatics is fundamental in diminishing time and venture. Cheminformatics methods play a significant role in these issues, including 3-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship 3D-(QSAR), virtual screening, docking, molecular dynamic studies, and quantum chemical studies. The vital purpose of this study is to disclose different types of NDs and the neuroprotective effect of several natural products for experimental and cheminformatics-based therapy. Natural products like green tea, flavonoids, and ginseng are discussed as effective neuroprotective products. However, more investigation is expected to comprehend the better utilization of regular items in future exploratory and cheminformatics-based treatment for NDs. © 2024 by author(s).PublicationArticle Drug Discovery, Diagnostic, and therapeutic trends on Mpox: A patent landscape(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Rohit Sharma; Ruchi Sharma; Rajeev K. SinglaAs of early 2022, Mpox has resurged and expanded globally, posing a new threat to global health. In close to 110 countries, 87,000 confirmed cases and 112 deaths have been reported as on April 18, 2023. Considering the current pandemic crisis and future developments, it is imperative to understand and characterize the global patent scenario of Mpox. In biological sciences, patents are often promising indicators of technological knowledge production. This patent landscape analysis is the first to provide a solid intellectual foundation for the ongoing development of diagnostic measures, therapeutic drug agents, and vaccines for Mpox. Our search encompassed several patent databases to identify patents related to Mpox, including PatSeer, Google patents, lens.org, Espacenet, and Patentscope. Patenting trends are discussed, and a Whitespace analysis is carried out in this paper, suggesting the knowledge gaps and promising areas for future research on Mpox. This study could serve as an epicentre for provoking ideas and mitigation strategies. © 2023 The Author(s)PublicationArticle In vitro Leishmanicidal evaluation and molecular docking simulations of bioactive compounds from the bark of Taxus wallichiana(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Mughal Qayum; Waqar Ahmad Kaleem; Abdur Rauf; Muslim Raza; Najla AlMasoud; Taghrid S. Alomar; Zubair Ahmad; Rohit SharmaLeishmaniasis is a life-threatening parasitic infection causing endemic disease in various parts of the world, wherein the parasite (Leishmania donovani) develops resistance against available drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs, which is an open area of investigation for synthetic and natural products chemists. In this study, we isolated three compounds (deacetylbaccatin III, tasumatrol B, and taxawallin J) from Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Compounds were screened for antileishmanial activities, wherein Tasumatrol B exhibited good antileishmanial activity (IC50 value of 13.1 µg/mL) followed by 4-Taxawallin J and 4-deacetylbaccatin III, respectively. Considering the importance of these isolated compounds, a study was conducted to correlate the in vitro results with an in silico study. Compounds showed an intermediate type of Antileishmanial activity. Nonetheless, these compounds may open a new frontier in the design and development of drugs against Leishmaniases. © 2024 Societá Botanica Italiana.PublicationBook Chapter Brain Diseases: An Introduction and the Need for Novel Drug-Delivery Approaches(CRC Press, 2024) Sukamto S. Mamada; Mirnawati Salampe; Rohit Sharma; Achmad Himawan; Firzan NainuThere have been many challenges encountered over time in the attempt to cure illnesses that affect the brain. One major hindrance is related to the existence of the blood-brain barrier, which possesses distinct characteristics including ABC transporters, tight intercellular junctions, and plentiful metabolizing enzymes. The blood-brain barrier is crucial in preserving the brain’s equilibrium. On the one hand, it enables the entry of various substances like electrolytes and nutrients into the brain. On the other hand, the blood-brain barrier functions to prevent numerous harmful substances from accessing the brain. However, since many drugs are also classified as harmful, there is a pressing need to create drug delivery systems that can assist in the transport of these drugs into the brain. Such systems must permit an appropriate amount of drug penetration to achieve effective therapy without disrupting the blood-brain barrier’s physiological functions. This chapter examines the pathophysiological changes that occur in the blood-brain barrier during certain brain-related diseases, making it challenging for drugs to reach the brain’s target site. Additionally, it provides a list of drug delivery techniques that have been utilized to aid in drug penetration, along with their associated drawbacks. Despite current efforts, no method has proven fully satisfactory, thus emphasizing the importance of continued research to develop new techniques that can facilitate drug entry into the brain. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anurag Kumar Singh, Vivek K. Chaturvedi, and Jay Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.PublicationBook Chapter Insights into Progressive Perspectives of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Brain Targeting(CRC Press, 2024) Debarshi Kar Mahapatra; Ratiram G. Choudhary; Kanhaiya M. Dadure; Animeshchandra G. M. Haldar; Rohit SharmaThe brain is a sensitive organ that is not connected to the rest of the body. It is also marked by tightly connected endothelial barriers, enzymatic capabilities, and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent transporter systems (like P-gp efflux). The availability of medications throughout the brain is strongly reliant on these substantial barriers. As a result, many promising compounds (with excellent pharmacological potentials in in vitro evaluation) are discarded from the market due to a lack of in vivo reaction, which is most likely caused by the molecule’s inability to reach the brain in an adequate concentration. Medical chemists have the option of customizing molecules for the brain, but doing so is expensive in terms of resources, time, and labor. The current approach for effective delivery of chemicals to the brain, such as access through the ventricular route or the application of chemicals to the brain tissue, is intrusive, less patient-compatible, time-consuming, requires competence, and may irreversibly harm the brain. Due to these factors, the potential for targeted brain distribution of innovative medication delivery technologies such as nanoparticles is now being investigated. Nanoparticles are macromolecular-based solid colloidal particles with sizes ranging from 1 nm to 1000 nm. Nanoparticles may be lipidic (SLNs) or polymeric. If they are lipidic, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are easily absorbed by the brain. In comparison to polymeric nanoparticles, SLNs are less hazardous since they are bioacceptable and biodegradable. They provide fascinating study subjects because of their tiny size, which extends the blood’s circulation time, their capacity to expand for massive manufacturing, and the lack of the burst effect. In the following overview, we will focus on the obstacles to central nervous system medication administration, methods for penetrating the blood-brain barrier, and the value of SLN characterization techniques. We will also go into some depth on the suggested uptake mechanism, strategies for extending plasma retention of the drugs, and in vivo and in vitro procedures for evaluations. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anurag Kumar Singh, Vivek K. Chaturvedi, and Jay Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.PublicationBook Chapter Herbal Medicines: A Boon for a Healthy Brain(CRC Press, 2024) Fajar Sofyantoro; Andri Frediansyah; Wahyu Aristyaning Putri; Winda Adipuri Ramadaningrum; Firzan Nainu; Rohit SharmaGlobally, the most frequent cause of serious and prolonged impairment of bodily function is brain disease. Specifically, people with brain ischemia, which alters the physiological functions of the central nervous system (CNS), display irreversible behavioural, cognitive, and emotional alterations. Furthermore, progressive neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and multiple sclerosis (MS) culminate in the loss of cognitive abilities. These illnesses have been linked to numerous economic and social issues. A growing body of research shows that herbal medicines can improve brain performance and treat neurological conditions. In addition, traditional medicines around the world have all historically used medicinal herbs to enhance brain function. We conducted a thorough search of numerous databases indexing published literature related to herbal medicines and brain functions. In this chapter, we present recent evidence that plant extracts, by preserving the appropriate level of neurotransmitters in the brain, can enhance memory and brain functions. Formulations of poly-herbal supplements have also been reported to exhibit positive effects on the CNS. In addition to preclinical research, some clinical trials are also being conducted to treat several brain diseases in humans. However, comprehensive research dissecting the mechanisms of action and suitable clinical doses of brain-enhancing phytochemicals is still limited. Importantly, there is a significant debate in the literature regarding the effectiveness of herbal extracts in enhancing brain function due to observed withdrawal symptoms and limited studies in humans. Therefore, to ensure repeatable and accurate clinical data, research using standardized herbal medicines must be encouraged. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anurag Kumar Singh, Vivek K. Chaturvedi, and Jay Singh; individual chapters, the contributors.