2005

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Fighting tuberculosis: An old disease new challenges
(2005) Rama P. Tripathi; Neetu Tewari; Namrata Dwivedi; Vinod K. Tiwari
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide into 21st century. The mortality and spread of this disease has further been aggravated because of synergy of this disease with HIV. A number of anti-TB drugs are ineffective against this disease because of development of resistance strains. Internationally efforts are being made to develop new anti-tubercular agents. A number of drug targets from cell wall biosynthesis, nucleic acid biosynthesis, and many other biosynthetic pathways are being unraveled throughout the world and are being utilized for drug development. In this review, socioeconomic problems in developing countries, efforts to control this disease in different individuals, the targets (known already and newly discovered), existing anti-tubercular agents including natural products and lead molecules, and the future prospects to develop new anti-TB agents are described. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological effects of heavy metals: An overview
(Triveni Enterprises, 2005) Rajesh Kumar Sharma; Madhoolika Agrawal
Heavy metals constitute a very heterogeneous group of elements widely varied in their chemical properties and biological functions. Heavy metals are kept under environmental pollutant category due to their toxic effects on plants, animals and human being. Heavy metal contamination of soil results from anthropogenic as well as natural activities. Anthropogenic activities such as mining, smelting operation and agriculture have locally increased the levels of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, As and Ni in soil up to dangerous levels. Heavy metals are persistent in nature, therefore get accumulated in soils and plants. Heavy metals interfere with physiological activities of plants such as photosynthesis, gaseous exchange and nutrient absorption, and cause reductions in plant growth, dry matter accumulation and yield. Heavy metals also interfere with the levels of antioxidants in plants, and reduce the nutritive value of the produce. Dietary intake of many heavy metals through consumption of plants has long term detrimental effects on human health.
Behaviour genetics of Drosophila: Non-sexual behaviour
(Indian Academy of Sciences, 2005) Seema Sisodia; B.N. Singh
The analysis of genetic behaviour within and between species provides important clues about the forces shaping the evolution of behavioural genes. Genes can affect natural behavioural variation in different ways. Allelic variation causes alternative behavioural phenotypes, whereas changes in gene expression can influence the initiation of behaviour at different ages. Identifying the genes involved in polygenic traits has been difficult. Chromosomal analysis has been widely used as a first step in elucidating the genetic architecture of several behaviours of Drosophila. Behavioural genetic and molecular studies helped to reveal the genetic basis of circadian time keeping and rhythmic behaviours. In Drosophila, a number of key processes such as emergence from the pupal case, locomotor activity, feeding, olfaction and aspects of mating behaviour are under circadian regulation. Evolutionary biology considers migration behaviour as central in genetic structure of populations and speciation. Genetic loci that influence behaviour are often difficult to identify and localise in part due to the quantitative nature of behavioural phenotypes. Diapause is a hormonally mediated delayed response to future adverse conditions and can occur at any stage of development in an insect. Diapause-associated gene expression was studied in Drosophila using subtractive hybridisation. Several approaches have been made to unravel the genetic complexity of the behaviour, which have provided information that may be useful in different ways. There is evidence that species do differ in genetic architecture of photoresponse and this may be related to their natural environment. The classical experiments by Jerry Hirsh and Th. Dobzhansky to know the nature of genetic basis for extreme selected geotactic behaviour in fruit flies constituted the first attempt at the genetic dissection of a complex, polygenic behaviour. Understanding the genetic differences between these selected lines would provide an important point of entry into the study of genetic mechanisms of sensing and responding to gravity, as well as clues to the origins of genetic flexibility and plasticity in an organism's response. © Indian Academy of Sciences.
Management of polypoidal lesions of gallbladder in laparoscopic era.
(2005) Puneet; Ritu Ragini; S.K. Gupta; Sanjay Singh; V.K. Shukla
The detection of polypoidal lesion of gallbladder (PLG) has increased particularly with widespread use of ultrasonography (US) as a diagnostic modality. Most of the PLG are diagnosed incidentally during scanning. Differentiation of benign from malignant PLG is a major concern and further management is based on this differentiation. DATA SOURCE: A Pubmed database search was performed. Abstract and articles were reviewed in detail. Other references were extracted by cross-reference. CONCLUSION: The risk factors for malignancy in PLG are identified. The newer investigative procedures may differentiate benign from malignant PLG. Follow up of the asymptomatic patient and indication for surgery is established in PLG.
Lead toxicity in plants
(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 2005) Pallavi Sharma; Rama Shanker Dubey
Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of widespread occurrence as a result of human, agricultural and industrial activities. Among heavy metals, lead is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and sediments. Although lead is not an essential element for plants, it gets easily absorbed and accumulated in different plant parts. Uptake of Pb in plants is regulated by pH, particle size and cation exchange capacity of the soils as well as by root exudation and other physico-chemical parameters. Excess Pb causes a number of toxicity symptoms in plants e.g. stunted growth, chlorosis and blackening of root system. Pb inhibits photosynthesis, upsets mineral nutrition and water balance, changes hormonal status and affects membrane structure and permeability. This review addresses various morphological, physiological and biochemical effects of Pb toxicity and also strategies adopted by plants for Pb-detoxification and developing tolerance to Pb. Mechanisms of Pb-detoxification include sequestration of Pb in the vacuole, phytochelatin synthesis and binding to glutathione and aminoacids etc. Pb tolerance is associated with the capacity of plants to restrict Pb to the cell walls, synthesis of osmolytes and activation of antioxidant defense system. Remediation of soils contaminated with Pb using phytoremediation and rhizofiltration technologies appear to have great potential for cleaning of Pb-contaminated soils.
Pituitary adenomas in childhood
(The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 2005) S.K. Singh; Rohit Aggarwal
Pituitary adenomas are common tumors composed of adenohypophysial cells. Although they usually arise in the sella turcica, they may occasionally be ectopic. Pituitary adenomas are rarely diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, but their mass effect and endocrine abnormalities can compromise both quality and length of life. Many signs or symptoms of pituitary adenoma, complained of in adulthood, not became evident during adolescence, suggesting true prevalence of this tumor in teenagers is higher than expected. Pititury adenoma occuring during adolescence are associated with features or therapeutic needs sometimes different from those occuring in adulthood. At the onset of disease, delay in growth was rarely observed in teenagers with pituitary adenomas. Many girls complain of oligoamenorrhoea and galactorrhoea, while headache and delay in pubertal development are the most commons features in boys. Hypopituitarism is occasionally encountered in adolescence. Early diagnosis and appropriate choice of therapy are necessary to avoid permanent endocrine complications of disease and its treatment.
Microbial ecology of methane emission in rice agroecosystem: A review
(Corvinus University of Budapest, 2005) S.K. Dubey
Methane has profound impact on the physico-chemical properties in atmosphere leading to global climate change. Out of the various sources of CH4, rice fields are the most significant contributors. The processes involved in the emission of CH4 from rice fields to the atmosphere include CH4 production (methanogenesis) in the soil by methanogens, methane oxidation (methanotrophy) by methanotrophs and vertical transfer of CH4 via plant transport and diffusion or ebullition. In the overall methane dynamics rice plants act as : a) source of methanogenic substrate, b) conduit for CH4 through well developed system of inter cellular air space (aerenchyma), and c) potential methane oxidizing micro-habitat in the rhizosphere by diffusing oxygen which favour the growth and multiplication of methanotrophs. Apart from mechanistic uncertainties, there are several other uncertainties in the estimation of CH4 flux. Methane dynamics in the paddy field is controlled by a complex set of parameters linking the biological and physical characteristics of soil environment like temperature, carbon source, Eh, pH, soil microbes and properties of rice plants, etc. It has now become possible to isolate, detect and characterize the methanogens and methanotrophs by using molecular biological tools like PCR, FISH, etc. techniques. The apparent half saturation constant (Km) and maximum oxidation rate (Vmax) are distinctive parameters which determine the ability of bacteria to survive on atmospheric methane. © 2005, Penkala Bt.
Biological activities of isatin and its derivatives
(Croatian Pharmaceutical Society, 2005) Surendra Nath Pandeya; Sivakumar Smitha; Mayank Jyoti; Seshaiah Krishnan Sridhar
Isatin is an endogenous compound identified in humans that possesses a wide range of biological activities. Isatin has anxiogenic, sedative, anticonvulsant activities and acts as a potent antagonist on atrial natriuretic peptide receptors in vitro. A series of p-substituted isatin semicar-bazones have shown anticonvulsant activity in MES, scPTZ and scSTY tests. Various isatin-N-Mannich bases of isatin-3-thiosemicarbazones have shown antiviral and tuberculostatic activity. Methisazone is an effective compound against variola and vaccinia viruses. The N-dimethyl and morpholino derivative of 5-methyl isatin and trimethoprim exhibited an EC50 of more than 4.3 and 17.7 μg mL-1, respectively. Isatin (3-o-nitrophenyl) hydrazone has shown activity against Walker carcinoma-256. Various substituted indolinones showed antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC ranging from 10-20 μg mL-1. Isatin derivatives of Mannich bases had fibrinolytic, muscle relaxant, antiallergic, immunosuppressant, and antithrombotic activity. Isatin showed cardioinhibitory effect on frog heart, and hypotensive, respiratory depression and antidiuretic effects.
Availability of miltefosine for the treatment of kala-azar in India
(2005) Shyam Sundar; Henry W. Murray
[No abstract available]
Training CAMHS professionals in developing countries: An Indian case study
(2005) Nisha Dogra; Clay Frake; Karen Bretherton; Kedar Dwivedi; Indira Sharma
This paper presents a rationale for the education of CAMHS staff and service development as a partnership between the UK and developing countries. The local context and background of child and adolescent mental health services in India are described, and the rationale for the teaching principles is outlined. The planning and delivery of the teaching, following these principles, is illustrated through a case study of work in India. The discussion focuses on what worked well, problems and difficulties faced, how these were managed, and how visitors can influence change whilst respecting the local perspective. Suggestions are made for improving future programmes so as to maximise the outcomes of such links. © 2005 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

2005

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