Cumulative influence of immunogenic factors, genetic variations, and protein modulations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): A narrative review

Abstract

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive and catastrophic neurodegenerative disorder due to persistent infection with the aberrant measles virus in the brain. The exact etiology of SSPE is still unknown, and early diagnosis remains a challenge, especially with the atypical presentations. The pathogenesis of SSPE involves a complex interplay between viral factors and immunological response of the host. The presenting review demonstrates an extensive glimpse of the immuno-genetics of SSPE, exploring the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic risk factors and immune responses that influence susceptibility and disease progression. © 2024 Japanese Society of Neurology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.