Browsing by Author "Gupta, Deepak"

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    Application of constructed wetlands for the safe and sustainable treatment of emerging contaminants
    (Elsevier, 2021) Singh, Gurudatta; Gupta, Deepak; Shukla, Reetika; Mishra, Virendra Kumar
    Researchers are paying increasing attention to emerging contaminant (EC) residues as potential pollutants because they often have physicochemical behavior that is similar to that of other harmful xenobiotics, which can produce adverse effects. Due to their pseudo-persistence and its biological activity, the ECs (including pharmaceuticals and personal care products) are a major concern for the environment. These contaminants are found in very low concentrations, which renders conventional treatment methods inappropriate. However, many other technologies can be used for the treatment of wastewater (WW), one of which is discussed in this chapter. During the past few years, the planned use of wetlands for meeting WW treatment and water-quality objectives has been seriously studied and implemented in a controlled manner. A constructed wetlands (CW) system for a WW treatment facility involves the use of engineered systems that are designed and constructed to use natural processes. These systems mimic natural wetlands systems by using wetlands plants, soils, and associated microorganisms to remove contaminants from WW effluents. Various research carried out during the last few decades on the performances of the wetlands in treating WW has provided quantitative information that has been used to improve the process�s efficiency through design and operation measures. The removal of emerging pollutants in these wetlands systems relies on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes that naturally occur in wetlands that are associated with vegetation, sediments, and their microbial communities. CW systems for WW treatment have been proven to be effective, low-cost, and sustainable alternatives to conventional WW treatment technologies. � 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Development of entropy-river water quality index for predicting water quality classification through machine learning approach
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Gupta, Deepak; Mishra, Virendra Kumar
    Monitoring of river water is necessary to reveal its quality and pollution level so that we can protect human health and the environment. The present study explored the water quality of the Narmada River in India. To evaluate the water quality of the Narmada River, water samples were collected from 13 sites during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, and were analyzed for different physicochemical parameters. The results from the analysis were used for the development of the entropy-river water quality index (ERWQI). The ERWQI was used to estimate the Narmada river water quality for two different uses: drinking after disinfection (ERWQId) and bathing (ERWQIb). The machine-learning-based classification models, namely the Logistic regression (LR), Support Vector (SV), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) models were examined to predict and classify ERWQI. The precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The findings of this study identified the LR model as the most accurate classification model with the highest accuracy score for both the ERWQId and ERWQIb. Moreover, this study also revealed that the water quality of the Narmada River was unsuitable for drinking after disinfection and hence, before any further use it requires treatment through conventional or an advanced techniques. However, the ERWQIb of the Narmada River was categorized as excellent to fair. This study has broad implications for the classification of river water quality and can provide some very useful information to monitoring agencies and policymakers. � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
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    Green-synthesized nanoparticles for treatment of wastewater: An environmentally sustainable pollution remediation technology
    (Elsevier, 2021) Patel, Amit Kumar; Gupta, Deepak; Singh, Anubhuti; Mishra, Virendra Kumar; Sharma, Naveen Kumar
    Water is vital for life on Earth, and its unavailability or poor quality has severe consequences for all aspects of human life, including food, health, and environment. Anthropogenic activities have caused widespread pollution of water resources worldwide. Although some remediation methods and techniques have been developed, considering the extent, quantity, and varied nature of pollutants, new and sustainable technologies are urgent needed to remediate polluted water and wastewater. In recent times, the use of nanomaterials for the treatment of wastewater has gained considerable importance owing to their high accuracy and precise remediation. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity, high surface area, lower costs and energy requirements, and efficient regeneration for reuse, making them ideal materials for wastewater treatment. The conventional method of NP production is hazardous, and application of volatile chemicals results in secondary pollution, yet biogenic NPs are inexpensive and environmentally safe. Plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi produce a range of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, polymers, proteins, and numerous antioxidants that are effectively used as capping and stabilizing agents in NP synthesis. In this chapter, we discuss the synthesis of biogenic NPs from different organisms and their potential applications in wastewater remediation. Moreover, to supplement the existing research gaps, different strategies are also recommended. � 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater quality in the Narmada River Basin (Central India)
    (IWA Publishing, 2023) Gupta, Deepak; Chaudhary, Supriya; Singh, Anubhuti; Shukla, Reetika; Mishra, Virendra Kumar
    This study details the hydrochemical characterization and human health risk assessment of groundwater in the Narmada River Basin. The study was performed based on data collected from 305 groundwater sample stations in the Narmada River Basin. Hydrochemical evaluation illustrated that cationic ions in the upper and middle Narmada Basin were dominated by Ca2�; however, in the lower basin it was dominated by Na� ions. Similarly, anionic ions were dominated by HCO3- throughout the basin. A Chadha plot drawn from the collected data inferred that most groundwater belonged to the recharge water category (Ca-Mg-HCO3 type). Base-exchange indices of the collected data confirmed the presence of Na�-SO42- type of groundwater. Meteoric genesis indices indicated deep meteoric percolation groundwater. Further, Gibbs plots categorized groundwater samples in the rock dominated section, while chloro-alkaline indices confirmed direct as well as reverse ion-exchange reactions governing groundwater quality. Water Quality Index values showed that groundwater ranged from excellent to very poor. Human health risk of the Narmada River confirmed the non-carcinogenic risk for Nitrate (NO3-) and Fluoride (F-) ions. However, several indices justified that groundwater was ideal for irrigation. However, groundwater treatment is recommended before direct consumption such as drinking. � 2023 The Authors.
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    Mechanisms controlling major ion chemistry and its suitability for irrigation of Narmada River, India
    (IWA Publishing, 2022) Gupta, Deepak; Kaushik, Sandeep; Shukla, Reetika; Mishra, Virendra Kumar
    Surface water chemistry of the upper Narmada River was investigated at 13 different locations for four consecutive years (2017�2020) during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The main objective of the study was to identify the processes governing the water chemistry of Narmada River and evaluate its suitability for irrigation. The physical parameters estimated were; pH (7.9 + 0.4 for pre- and 8 + 0.4 for post-monsoon seasons), EC (322.8+93.3 ?S/cm for pre- and 312.1+80.2 ?S/cm for post-monsoon) and TDS (203.4+41.5 mg/L for pre-and 213.4+48 mg/L for post-monsoon). The obtained concentration of cations and anions were in the order of Ca�� . Na� . Mg��. K� and HCO3-. Cl-.SO4-. NO3-. PO4- respectively. Thus, the water of Narmada was found to be alkaline in nature. Piper diagram inferred that the water was dominated by Ca-Mg-HCO3- type of hydrochemical facies. Gibb�s plot clarified that rock-water interaction regulates the ion chemistry of the Narmada. Various indices like sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ration (SAR), Kelly index (Ki), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH) was calculated which showed that the surface water was suitable for irrigation. Lastly, one-way ANOVA (p, 0.05) confirmed no significant differences in water quality except for temperature, EC and SO4-, for pre- and post-monsoon season. � 2022 The Authors
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    Performance of horizontal flow constructed wetland for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater in a remote tribal area of Central India
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2021) Shukla, Reetika; Gupta, Deepak; Singh, Gurudatta; Mishra, Virendra Kumar
    The purification of the primary treated domestic sewage was performed in the present study through the horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW) of 10 � 3.5 m dimension. The study was performed using three setups of CW 1 (Unplanted CW), CW 2 (CW planted with macrophyte Typha latifolia), and CW 3 (CW planted with two species of macrophyte T. latifolia and Commelina benghalensis). The purification experiments were performed by converting one type of CW into the other form sequentially, i.e., CW 1 was built first and after the experiments, it was converted into CW 2 and then CW 3. The CW was filled with a layer of coarse and fine gravel of 70 cm depth as filter media in 1:2 ratio. Each set of wetland was operated for 3 months (12 wk) during which the treatment performance of wetlands for basic physicochemical parameters was evaluated. The CW was operated in continuous mode at an average hydraulic loading rate of 250 L h? 1 and the treated effluent was analysed twice every week at four different sampling points having hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 12, 24, 36 and 48 h for important sewage quality parameters All the three setups of CW were able to clean the primary treated sewage significantly. Among the three sets of wetlands used, CW 3 was the best performer removing 79, 77, 79, 79, and 78% of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate respectively in 48 h HRT. Among the three sets of wetlands, the CW 3 removed the highest percent of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli as 64, 61 and 52% respectively. � 2021, The Author(s).
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    Spatial and seasonal variability in the water chemistry of Kabar Tal wetland (Ramsar site), Bihar, India: multivariate statistical techniques and GIS approach
    (IWA Publishing, 2021) Gupta, Deepak; Kumar Ranjan, Rajesh; Parthasarathy, Purushothaman; Ansari, Afroz
    This study was performed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of major ions in water samples of a newly designated Ramsar site, namely Kabar Tal (KT) wetland of Bihar. Samples were collected during summer, monsoon, and winter seasons. The analytical and GIS results show that concentration of electrical conductivity, chloride, and nitrate are higher in summer than monsoon and winter. However, the concentration of major cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are higher in winter than monsoon and summer. In addition, major anions like sulphate and phosphate concentration is higher during monsoon than summer and winter. Multivariate statistical tool (discriminant analysis) results suggest that temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate, and potassium are the major parameters distinguishing the water quality in different seasons. The study confirms that seasonal variations are playing a major role in the hydrochemistry of KT wetland. Overall, this work outlines the approach towards proper conservation and utilization of wetlands and to assess the quality of surface water for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes. Overall, this work highlights the approach towards estimating the seasonal dynamics of chemical species in KT wetland and its suitability for irrigation purposes. � 2021 The Authors Water Science & Technology
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    Water quality assessment of Kusheshwar Asthan wetlands: recognizing its hydrogeochemical variability and suitability for agriculture use
    (IWA Publishing, 2022) Singh, Rachana; Gupta, Deepak; Siddiqui, Faiz Ahmad; Alam, Md. Aftab; Prashant
    Wetlands deliver many ecosystem services but are under continuous threat due to various anthropogenic activities. The present study has been carried out to examine the suitability of Kusheshwar-Asthan wetland�s water for agriculture. A total of 57 water samples were analyzed for various water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), major cations (Ca2�, Mg2�, Na�, K�), and major anions (PO43�, SO42-, N-NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-). Overall, the water of the wetland was found to be alkaline. The pre-monsoon samples had a relatively higher concentration in most of analyzed parameters except for pH, DO, NO3-, PO43- and Cl-. The concentration of cations follows the order of Na� . Ca2� . Mg2� . K� in both seasons and for anions it is HCO3- . SO42- . Cl- . NO3- . PO43- for pre-monsoon and HCO3- . Cl- . SO42- . NO3- . PO43- for post-monsoon. According to Piper diagram and Durov plot, Na-K-HCO3 was the major hydro chemical facies of the surface water. The various irrigation quality parameters showed that wetland water can be categorized as good to excellent quality. As a result, this finding can aid in the long-term sustainable use of the wetland water with regulated anthropogenic interventions. The study will be beneficial in designing long-term extensive management plans for the conservation of the wetland. � 2022 The Authors.