Browsing by Author "Mishra, Janki Sharan"

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    Comparative assessment of energy flow, carbon auditing and eco-efficiency of diverse tillage systems for cleaner and sustainable crop production in eastern India
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Kumar, Rakesh; Sarkar, Bikash; Bhatt, Bhagwati Prasad; Mali, Santosh Sambhaji; Mondal, Surajit; Mishra, Janki Sharan; Jat, Raj Kumar; Meena, Ram Swaroop; Anurag, Anukul Prakash; Raman, Rohan Kumar
    Identification of the appropriate tillage production system having lower energy use and carbon-emission, and better crop productivity is becoming increasingly important to maintain the environmental sustainability. In the present study, a comprehensive system analysis was performed for four consecutive years (2016�2019) in three major agroecosystems of eastern India: eastern Indo-Gangetic plain, coastal agroecosystem and hill & plateau region. Six rice-based production systems with different levels of farm mechanization viz., a) fully mechanized tillage, b) partly mechanized tillage and c) traditional tillage were considered in the analysis. The main aim was to assess the energy flow and carbon-balance of diverse tillage production systems. Among the different sources of total input energy, chemical fertilizer accounted for the highest energy used in partly mechanized tillage (44%) and mechanized tillage (38%) followed by diesel, irrigation water, plant protection chemical, seed and electricity. Seed, human, animal energy and farmyard manure accounted for 21, 20, 16 and 16%, respectively, of the total energy input in traditional tillage. Maximum energy input (52161 MJ ha?1) was noted in mechanized tillage and minimum with traditional tillage (16879 MJ ha?1). Cropping systems followed in eastern Indo-Gangetic plain were more energy-intensive (50908 MJ ha?1) compared to coastal-ecosystem (27459 MJ ha?1). On an average, the total energy output in mechanized tillage (395245 MJ ha?1) were 0.3 and 2.4 times higher over partly mechanized and traditional tillage, respectively. Overall, the present results indicated that partly mechanized tillage and coastal agroecosystem were the most energy-efficient with an energy ratio of 8.88 and 9.81, respectively. Mechanized tillage was 0.24 and 1.66 times more carbon-intensive in comparison to partly mechanized and traditional tillage system. Mechanized tillage had higher carbon efficiency (3.75), carbon-sustainability index (2.75), carbon-footprint in spatial scales (4342 kg CO2eq. ha?1), but had 34% less carbon-footprint in yield scales compared to traditional tillage. Mechanized tillage showed 22 and 73% higher system productivity compared to partly mechanized and traditional tillage, respectively. Partly mechanized tillage had a 23% lower cultivation cost than mechanized tillage. Thus, the present study suggests that partly mechanize tillage was the most appropriate energy and carbon-efficient production system in eastern India. � 2021 Elsevier Ltd
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    Comprehensive environmental impact assessment for designing carbon-cum-energy efficient, cleaner and eco-friendly production system for rice-fallow agro-ecosystems of South Asia
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Kumar, Rakesh; Mishra, Janki Sharan; Mali, Santosh Sambhaji; Mondal, Surajit; Meena, Ram Swaroop; Lal, Rattan; Jha, Bal Krishna; Naik, Sushanta Kumar; Biswas, Ashis Kumar; Hans, Hansraj; Sundaram, Prem Kumar; Choudhary, Arbind Kumar; Monobrullah, Mohammad; Kumar, Sanjeev; Kumar, Santosh; Raman, Rohan Kumar; Bhatt, Bhagwati Prasad; Kumar, Ujjwal
    High energy consumption and carbon emission are the major components of environmental pollution. Reducing carbon-footprints and improving energy use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - fallow production systems of South Asia is a great challenge. The present experiment was conducted for five consecutive years (2016�2020) with an aim to design the most carbon-cum-energy efficient, cleaner/safer and eco-friendly production systems for rice-fallows in eastern India. This split-plot experiment had crop establishment-cum-residue management (CERM) treatments in main-plots and post-rainy/winter season crops in sub-plots. The production systems selected for analysis included three crop establishment methods [(1) zero-till-direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR), (2) conventional-till direct-seeded rice (CTDSR), and (3) transplanted puddled rice (TPR)], and two residue management practices [(i) with residue, and (ii) without residue] in combination with five potential winter season crops i.e., chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), and mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Results revealed an increase in overall system productivity from 3.5 to 5.13 Mg ha?1 due to the diversification of rice-fallow systems with oilseed and pulse crops. Irrespective of residue management practices, ZTDSR increased the yield by 15 and 31% in chickpea, 15 and 34% in lentil, 33 and 50% in safflower, 9 and 19% in linseed, and 7 and 15% in mustard as compared to CTDSR and PTR, respectively. Moreover, adoption of ZTDSR reduced energy uses by 23.3%, while increased energy ratio and net returns by 14.3 and 10.9%, respectively, over TPR. Pulse based crop rotations (rice-lentil and rice-chickpea) under ZTDSR with surface crop residue yielded 21.5% higher system net returns as compared to rice-oilseed production systems. ZTDSR treatment also reduced carbon-footprint (C-footprint) by 2.8% compared to TPR-based production systems. Similarly, rice-oilseed systems had a 16.1% lower C-footprint in comparison to rice-pulse sequences. Hence, rice-chickpea, rice-lentil and rice-safflower production systems in combined with ZTDSR along with residue retention can be viable production systems with higher system productivity, better economic returns, higher energy ratio and lower C-footprint. These systems will ensure an efficient utilization of natural resources leading to long-term sustainability of the rice-fallow production systems of South Asia. � 2021
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    Impact of crop establishment and residue management on soil properties and productivity in rice-fallow ecosystems in India
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2022) Kumar, Rakesh; Mishra, Janki Sharan; Naik, Sushanta Kumar; Mondal, Surajit; Meena, Ram Swaroop; Kumar, Saurabh; Dubey, Abhishek Kumar; Makarana, Govind; Jha, Bal Krishna; Mali, Santosh Sambhaji; Biswas, Ashis Kumar; Choudhary, Arbind Kumar; Hans, Hansraj; Dubey, Rachana; Kumar, Santosh; Sundaram, Prem Kumar; Raman, Rohan Kumar; Monobrullah, Mohammad; Kumar, Sanjeev; Kumar, Ujjwal; Bhatt, Bhagwati Prasad
    The degradation of agricultural land, both chemical and biological, is a big concern all over the world. Crop cultivation practices that are distinctive to each location have negative consequences for agricultural production. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better crop and soil management techniques. This experiment was conducted for 5 years (2016�2020) to identify the best crop establishment-cum-residue management (CERM) practices and suitable crops for succession after the rice harvest in rice-fallow ecosystems of India. Experimentation was conducted in the split-plot design and each treatment was replicated thrice, having CERM in main-plot and post-rainy season/winter crops in sub-plot. All the CERM treatments had two variants, with crop residue (R+) and without crop residue (R?). Rice yields were markedly higher (19.1%�32.2%) in transplanted puddled rice with residue (TPR-R+) over conventional-till direct seeded rice (CTDSR) and zero-till DSR (ZTDSR) treatments. However, TPR adversely impacted the performance of all the post-rainy pulses/oilseed crops. Post-rainy season crop yields under ZTDSR/CTDSR were 14.9%�45.8% higher leading to higher system productivity as compared to TPR. ZTDSR with residue retention showed higher soil aggregation. The practice of ZTDSR increased the soil dehydrogenase activity (46.2%), urease activity (29.8%), soil microbial biomass carbon (65.4), and fluorescein diacetate activity (9.0%) in the crop root zone with 3.3- and 4.47-times higher earthworm population and earthworm biomass, respectively. The rice-pulse system showed 1.74-times more earthworm population over rice-oilseed sequences. Total soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in ZTDSR was 21.8% higher over TPR in 0�45 cm soil profile. Thus, the adoption of ZTDSR practices and diversification of rice-fallows with pulses crops is recommended for enhancing the crop productivity, increasing SOC stock, and improving soil biological properties in the rice-fallow ecosystems of India. � 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sustainable Intensification of Rice Fallows with Oilseeds and Pulses: Effects on Soil Aggregation, Organic Carbon Dynamics, and Crop Productivity in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains
    (MDPI, 2022) Saurabh, Kirti; Kumar, Rakesh; Mishra, Janki Sharan; Singh, Anil Kumar; Mondal, Surajit; Meena, Ram Swaroop; Choudhary, Jaipal Singh; Biswas, Ashis Kumar; Kumar, Manoj; Roy, Himadri Shekhar; Singh, Nongmaithem Raju; Yadav, Sushil Kumar; Upadhyaya, Ashutosh; Hans, Hansraj; Jeet, Pawan; Sundaram, Prem Kumar; Raman, Rohan Kumar
    Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are becoming increasingly important due to their better adaptability to harsh climatic conditions (in general) and the unpredictability of monsoons in India (in particular). Conventional rice cultivation (e.g., PTR) involves intensive tilling followed by intensive puddling in standing water that destroys the soil aggregation and depletes carbon pools. Therefore, alternative crop establishment methods need to be devised for the sustainability of system productivity, and the suitabilities of potential oilseeds and pulses need to be tested for cropping intensification in rice-fallow regions. Hence, an ongoing experiment (implemented in 2016) was evaluated to identify the appropriate CSA management practices in restoring soil C and physical health under diversified cropping systems in the rice-fallow system of eastern India. Six tillage and crop establishment methods along with residue management were kept as the main plots [zero-till-direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR), conventional-till-DSR (CT-DSR), puddled transplanted rice (PTR), ZTDSR with rice residue retentions (ZTDSRR+), CTDSR with rice residue retention (CTDSRR+), PTR with rice residue retention (PTRR+)] while five winter/post-rainy crops (oilseeds and pulses) were raised in a subplot. In the ZTDSRR+ production system, soil macro-aggregate (%), macro-aggregate-associated C, MWD, and GMD of aggregates increased by 60.1, 71.3, 42.1, and 17.1%, respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage practices (PTR). The carbon management index (CMI) was 58% more in the ZTDSRR+ production system compared to PTR. Among the winter crops, chickpeas recorded higher values of soil structural indices and C content. In the PTR production system, system productivity, in terms of rice equivalent yield, was comparable to ZTDSRR+. ZT with residue retention in rice followed by post-rainy/winter pulses led to higher C content and structural stability of the soil. Thus, CSA management practices can improve the crop productivity as well as soil health of rice-fallow production systems of eastern India and comparable agroecotypes of South Asia. � 2022 by the authors.