Browsing by Author "Rai S.P."
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Item miRNAs and Plant-Pathogen Interactions(CRC Press, 2024) Maurya B.; Mishra V.; Rai S.P.Food security and scarcity are one of the major challenges and main issues of the world. However, agriculture augmentation promotes plant stress via biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant pathogen is imposing serious biotic stresses which impacts severe crop losses including growth, plant yield, and productivity. Globally, 16% of yield is affected due to pathogen stress. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a well-characterized group of endogenously produced small interfering RNAs known for regulating their complementary both at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. The roles of miRNAs have been deciphered for their implication in a variety of responses such as immunity, disease resistance, physiology, and development by modulating several molecular and phytohormonal crosstalks during plant-pathogen interactions. Besides miRNAs encoded by the plants, pathogens also modulate host genes by encoding miRNAs to manipulate plant cells and facilitate the entry and hijacking of the plant cell. In this chapter, we summarize the advancement in the area of plant miRNAs, their roles, and the regulation of their respective targets under biotic stresses induced via plant-pathogenic interactions. Here, we also documented the role of plant miRNAs in immunity and disease resistance. The current chapter will provide the advancement in the area of miRNAs mediated gene regulation/silencing during plant-pathogen interactions along with novel techniques such as CRISPR/Cas, target mimic, and resistant target that will help us in the generation of pathogen-resistant crops which could provide immunity against pathogens. � 2025 selection and editorial matter, Peerzada Yasir Yousuf, Peerzada Arshid Shabir, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem; individual chapters, the contributors.Item Overexpression of miR166 in Response to Root Rhizobacteria Enhances Drought Adaptive Efficacy by Targeting HD-ZIP III Family Genes in Chickpea(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Yadav A.; Kumar S.; Verma R.; Narayan S.; Gupta U.; Lata C.; Rai S.P.; Sanyal I.Using the transgenic approach, the current study investigated the tripartite interaction of miRNA166, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), and chickpea crops in response to drought. miR166, an evolutionarily conserved small RNA, was cloned and transformed in a homologous manner. This Car-miR166 is reported in our previous research to have drought-enduring roles in response to microbial candidates. A Pseudomonas putida strain RA (MTCC5279) is used as a PGPR for the whole study. The overexpressed lines generated using tissue-culture practice were functionally validated with physiological parameters studied using Li-Cor 6400XT, including photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, water-use efficiency, and electron transport rate. We also studied the relative water content of the overexpressed lines in comparison to treated control plants. In biochemical methods, we studied the accumulation of proline, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels. miR166 has its target as ATHB15 (Homeobox-leucine zipper protein-15) validated using 5� RNA Ligase-Mediated Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RLM-RACE) experiment. At the molecular levels, we carried out the stem-loop quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis of miR166 and the expression analysis of ATHB15 in transgenic lines. As per our study, the results reported that the transgenic lines showed a positive interaction of miR166 with PGPR, resulting in drought stress mitigation and better plant survival in harsh drought conditions. In conclusion, the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular expression levels of Car-miR166 (Cicer arietinum L.) in transgenic lines in response to PGPR support enhanced growth and development in response to PGPR in transgenic lines under drought. � The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2024.Item Plant miRNAs: Biogenesis, Mode of Action, and Their Role(CRC Press, 2024) Maurya B.; Sharma L.; Rai N.; Mishra V.; Kumar A.; Rai S.P.MicroRNA (miRNAs) are a highly conserved, small, non-coding, single-stranded, endogenous class of RNA molecules, which are ~ 21�23 bp long nucleotide sequences mainly present in animals, plants, and some viruses. In the case of plants, miRNAs are well recognized as essential genetic tools for improving crop productivity by regulating various gene expression processes including modification, translational inhibition, or translational repression. The miRNA genes are transcribed by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, and the resulting transcript is modified during transcription to form the main transcript. The multiple protein complexes DCL1 (DICER LIKE1), C2H2 Zink finger protein, SERRATE (SE), double-stranded RNA binding protein, and G-patch structural protein (TGH) recognize and cleave these pri-miRNAs, which have partially complementary paired hairpin structures, to produce the precursor of miRNA. The HEN1 protein (methyltransferase), which is essential for the modification and stabilization of double-stranded miRNA, also methylates the miRNA. The advancement of knowledge related to biogenesis of miRNAs and their mode of action has disclosed their involvement in various regulatory processes. There are two well-known vital modes of action of miRNA at the post-transcriptional level, one is transcript degradation and another is translational repression. The 5� UTR, coding regions, and gene promoters of their target genes have all been observed to interact with miRNA. There are many unanswered problems regarding miRNA synthesis and its method of action, particularly in relation to transcriptional control and other facets of RNA metabolism including splicing. The present book chapter summarizes the current knowledge about miRNA biogenesis and related molecular advancement along with their mode of action in plant morphogenesis processes. � 2025 selection and editorial matter, Peerzada Yasir Yousuf, Peerzada Arshid Shabir, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem; individual chapters, the contributors.Item Refining aquifer heterogeneity and understanding groundwater recharge sources in an intensively exploited agrarian dominated region of the Ganga Plain(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Patel A.; Rai S.P.; Puthiyottil N.; Singh A.K.; Noble J.; Singh R.; Hagare D.; Saravana Kumar U.D.; Rai N.; Venyo Akpataku K.Densely populated region of Ganga Plain is facing aquifer vulnerability through waterborne pollutants and groundwater stress due to indiscriminate abstraction, causing environmental and socio-economic instabilities. To address long-term groundwater resilience, it is crucial to understand aquifer heterogeneity and connectivity, groundwater recharge sources, effects of groundwater abstraction etc. In this context, present study aims to understand factors responsible for vertical and spatial variability of groundwater chemistry and to identify groundwater recharge sources in an intensively exploited agrarian region of the Ganga Plain. Interpretation of chemometric, statistical, and isotopic analysis categorises the alluvial aquifer into zone 1 (G1; ground surface to 100 m) and zone 2 (G2; >100 m-210 m). The group G1 samples are characterized by a wide variation in hydrochemical species, noted with pockets of F� and NO3� rich groundwater, and fresh to more evolved water types, while group G2 groundwater is characterized by a sharp increase in freshwater types and limited variation in their isotopic and hydrochemical species. The G1 groundwater chemistry is governed by soil mineralogy, local anthropogenic inputs (SO42-, Cl -, and NO3�), and manifested by multiple recharge sources (local precipitation, river, canal water, pond). The G2 group is dominated by geogenic processes and mainly recharged by the local precipitation. Geospatial signatures confirm more evolved water type for group G1 in northwestern region, while freshwater type covers the rest of the study area. Fluoride rich groundwater is attributed to sodic water under alkaline conditions and enriched ?18O values emphasizing role of evaporation in F- mobilization from micas and amphiboles abundant in the soil. The findings provide insight into potential groundwater vulnerability towards inorganic contaminants, and groundwater recharge sources. The outcome of this study will help to develop aquifer resilience towards indiscriminate groundwater extraction for agricultural practices and aim towards sustainable management strategies in a similar hydrogeological setting. � 2024 China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking UniversityItem Rejuvenation of the Springs in the Hindu Kush Himalayas Through Transdisciplinary Approaches�A Review(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Pant N.; Hagare D.; Maheshwari B.; Rai S.P.; Sharma M.; Dollin J.; Bhamoriya V.; Puthiyottil N.; Prasad J.The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, known as the �water tower of the world,� is experiencing severe water scarcity due to declining discharge of spring water across the HKH region. This decline is driven by climate change, unsustainable human activities, and rising water demand, leading to significant impacts on rural agriculture, urban migration, and socio-economic stability. This expansive review judiciously combines both the researchers� experiences and a traditional literature review. This review investigates the factors behind reduced spring discharge and advocates for a transdisciplinary approach to address the issue. It stresses integrating scientific knowledge with community-based interventions, recognizing that water management involves not just technical solutions but also human values, behaviors, and political considerations. The paper explores the benefits of public�private partnerships (PPPs) and participatory approaches for large-scale spring rejuvenation. By combining the strengths of both sectors and engaging local communities, sustainable spring water management can be achieved through collaborative and inclusive strategies. It also highlights the need for capacity development and knowledge transfer, including training local hydrogeologists, mapping recharge areas, and implementing sustainable land use practices. In summary, the review offers insights and recommendations for tackling declining spring discharge in the HKH region. By promoting a transdisciplinary, community-centric approach, it aims to support policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in ensuring the sustainable management of water resources and contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). � 2024 by the authors.Item Transcriptional Regulation of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses: Challenges and Potential Mechanism for Stress Tolerance and Chickpea Improvement(Springer, 2024) Rai N.; Sarma B.K.; Rai S.P.The abiotic stress factors associated with climate change frequently enhance the severity of plant diseases, which have a detrimental impact on the growth and productivity of the various crops including legumes. After common beans, the chickpea (Cicer spp.) is the second most cultivated legume crop all over the world. They are susceptible to decreased productivity caused by the detrimental effects of several fungal and bacterial infections, which are regulated by environmental conditions. To understand crop growth, it is crucial to study how plants respond to infections in the presence/fluctuations of abiotic factors. However, to cope with these environmental changes, plants have developed a variety of specific signaling mechanisms for intracellular communications, leading to the initiation of complex defense systems of signal perception and signal transduction to induce/enhance defense responses. Various transcription factors (TFs), along with their cofactors and cis-regulatory elements, play a crucial role in plant defense mechanisms. Transcriptional control by TFs has a vital role in building plant defense mechanisms and related activities in response to viral and bacterial infections. However, the molecular mechanisms including the role of transcription factors (TFs) behind environmental cues are still little understood in chickpea. Therefore, the objective of this review is to outline the potential functions of key stress-responsive transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, AP2/ERF, and MYB gene families, in regulating defense-related genes and facilitating communication across the network of stress-responses during adverse conditions. Furthermore, understanding the function of transcription factors (TFs) could be advantageous in enhancing crop tolerance to develop stress-resistant chickpea cultivars utilizing advanced biotechnological techniques. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
