BHU Institutional Repository :: Browsing by Author "Singh P.K."

Browsing by Author "Singh P.K."

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A decision support system for localized planning of reclaimed water around wastewater treatment plants
(Springer, 2024) Srivastava R.R.; Singh P.K.
Exploding population, industrialization, and an increase in water pollution has led to acute shrinkage in freshwater availability. Numerous countries have started exploring municipal wastewater as a new potential source of water to bring a paradigm shift from linearity to obtaining circularity in human water cycle management. This study aims to develop a decision support system for integrated water and wastewater management (DSS_IWWM), targeted towards reuse-focused selection of appropriate wastewater treatment technology, and localized planning around STPs in terms of reclaimed water demand identification, estimation, allocation, and sustainable pricing. The developed DSS_IWWM comprises of a repository of fourteen reuse purposes, reuse quality criteria, and 25 wastewater treatment technologies (WWTTs) in 360 combinations. It is sensitive to local resource scenarios and applies a socioeconomic and technology-focused methodology for addressing the interests of the community and investing agencies and viably. To validate the application of the DSS_IWWM, it is first tested with data from three cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh (India)�Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Agra�and then extended to nine more Indian cities with varying influent quality characteristics, resource inputs, existing STP technologies, and same target quality and decision criteria prioritization, to present a comparison of appropriate WWTTs and associated average prices obtained in different scenarios. It is concluded that influent quality, existing technology, and target quality criteria play significant role in selection of appropriate WWTTs. The traditional technologies such as UASB and ASP are required to be augmented and supplemented with high-performing WWTTs, such as BIOFOR-F with (C + F + RSF) and SBT + WP to obtain desired effluent quality. High-performing advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based systems such as A2O, SBR, and BIOFOR-F require WWTTs with relatively lower average costs (such as SBT and OP). The developed DSS_IWWM may prove to be very useful and beneficial for policymakers, government officials, engineers, and scientific community as it will facilitate rational decision-making for efficient investment planning in reuse focused wastewater treatment towards achieving circular economy in sustainable water resource management. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
A Rare Cause of Acute Recurrent Pancreatitis in a Child
(Springer, 2024) Kumar I.; Meena S.; Singh P.K.; Aggarwal P.; Verma A.
[No abstract available]
Application of Optical-electron Correlative Microscopy for Characterization of Organic Matter
(Geological Society of India, 2024) Hazra B.; Singh P.K.; Sethi C.; Pandey J.K.
Application of coal petrology is known to play significant role in several industrial sectors viz. thermal industries, steel industries, unconventional oil and gas fields. One important aspect of organic matter characterization, especially for unconventional oil and gas fields is the development of organic matter hosted porosity, and commonly Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to study the same. While, SEM helps in understanding the nature of porosity developed in coals and shales, one significant limitation is that under SEM the different organic matter types can�t be distinguished, as all organic matter appears dark due to their lower atomic mass. Optical-electron correlative microscopy has recently gained importance for making advancement in addressing the above-mentioned scientific gap. While this method has been found some usage for characterizing the dispersed organic matter in shales, only one work globally exists where the technique has been used for studying coals. In this work, possibly, for the first time, this technique is applied for characterizing three Indian coals from Korba basin, India, with the main objective of establishing necessary protocols for reliable imaging of different organic matter types under SEM. Our results establish that imaging under SEM using Backscattered electron (BSE) detector, the macerals and mineral matter were clearly discernible at 15 kV accelerating voltage. Further, this exercise also indicates that identification of vitrinite macerals under SEM, without correlative technique can be challenging, while some inertinites with their distinctive structures can be identified under stand-alone SEM. Sporinites too, due to their distinctive morphology, were easily identifiable under SEM. � 2024 Geological Society of India, Bengaluru, India.
Assessment of Trend for Area, Production, Productivity and Post-harvest losses of Onion and Potato in Uttar Pradesh, India
(AESSRA, 2024) Singh P.L.; Singh P.K.; Singh O.P.; Seth S.; Kumar D.; Raj S.
Uttar Pradesh is the major producer of horticultural crops, especially vegetables. The study was carried out to evaluate the trends in area, production, and productivity of onion and potato farming. This analysis was based on secondary data collected from 2001-2002 through 2021-2022. The study period was split into two sub-periods: period-I (2001-2010), period-II (2011-2022), and the overall period (2001-2022). The compound growth rate of area, production, and productivity was analysed at the national level as well as for Uttar Pradesh. It was found that in India, the growth rates in area, production, and productivity for onion was 6.84, 9.57, and 2.55 percent respectively and for Potato it was 3.23, 4.85 and 1.57 percent respectively. The CAGR of area, production & productivity of Onion in Uttar Pradesh for onion was 0.83, 2.91, and 2.04 percent respectively and for potato it was 2.29, 2.90 and 0.60 percent respectively. At farm level, total post-harvest loss for potato and onion was 7.84 and 6.98 kg/qt respectively. � 2024 AESSRA. All rights reserved.
Bacterial diversity and biopotentials of Hamtah glacier cryoconites, Himalaya
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Singh P.; Singh S.M.; Segawa T.; Singh P.K.
Cryoconite is a granular structure present on the glaciers and ice sheets found in polar regions including the Himalayas. It is composed of organic and inorganic matter which absorb solar radiations and reduce ice surface albedo, therefore impacting the melting and retreat of glaciers. Though climate warming has a serious impact on Himalayan glaciers, the biodiversity of sub-glacier ecosystems is poorly understood. Moreover, cryoconite holes are unique habitats for psychrophile biodiversity hotspots in the NW Himalayas, but unfortunately, studies on the microbial diversity of such habitats remain elusive. Therefore, the current study was designed to explore the bacterial diversity of the Hamtah Glacier Himalaya using both culturable and non-culturable approaches. The culturable bacterial count ranged from 2.0 � 103 to 8.8 � 105 colony-forming units (CFUs)/g at the different locations of the glacier. A total of 88 bacterial isolates were isolated using the culturable approach. Based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA), the identified species belong to seven genera, namely, Cryobacterium, Duganella, Janthinobacterium, Pseudomonas, Peribacillus, Psychrobacter, and Sphingomonas. In the non-culturable approach, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes (using MiSeq) showed unique bacterial community profiles and represented 440 genera belonging to 20 phyla, namely, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, Elusimicrobia, Armatimonadetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Nitrospirae, Chlamydiae, Chlorobi, Deferribacteres, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae, and others. High relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were observed in the samples. Phototrophic (Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi) and nitrifier (Nitrospirae) in bacterial populations indicated sustenance of the micro-ecosystem in the oligotrophic glacier environment. The isolates varied in their phenotypic characteristics, enzyme activities, and antibiotic sensitivity. Furthermore, the fatty acid profiles of bacterial isolates indicate the predominance of branched fatty acids. Iso-, anteiso-, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids together constituted a major proportion of the total fatty acid composition. High cold-adapted enzyme activities such as lipase and cellulase expressed by Cryobacterium arcticum (KY783365) and protease and cellulase activities by Pseudomonas sp. strains (KY783373, KY783377-79, KY783382) provide evidence of the possible applications of these organisms. Additionally, antibiotic tests indicated that most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics. In conclusion, the present study contributed for the first time to bacterial diversity and biopotentials of cryoconites of Hamtah Glacier, Himalayas. Furthermore, the cold-adapted enzymes and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may provide an opportunity for biotechnology in the Himalayas. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) analyses showed the presence of several elements in cryoconites, providing a clue for the accelerating melting and retreating of the Hamtah glacier. Copyright � 2024 Singh, Singh, Segawa and Singh.
Beneficiation of High Sulfur Tertiary Coal of Assam with Burkholderia sp. GR 8-02. An Eco-Friendly Approach Toward Clean Coal Production
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Kumar A.; Singh A.L.; Rajak P.K.; Kumar A.; Singh P.K.
The high sulfur content in North-East Indian coal is one of the primary challenges with using it as an energy source. Therefore, the present study uses Burkholderia sp. GR 8-02 to explore coal beneficiation from the Tipong mine (T20 and T60) in Assam (North-East India). Various particle size fractions (?125 to +210 �m, ?210 to +250 �m, ?250 to +297 �m, ?297 to +400 �m and ?400 to +500 �m) were treated and subjected to petrographic and chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectral analysis. The results revealed a 39.04% and 32.43% reduction in total sulfur for T20 and T60 samples, respectively. The ash content decreased by 19.79% in the T20 coal sample and by 24.52% in the T60 coal samples, with a relative decrease in the mineral matter content of approximately 17.43%. Following beneficiation with Burkholderia sp. GR 8-02, the ?125 to +250 �m coal fraction exhibited maximum ash removal. The T20 sample useful heating value increased from 8116 to 8203 kcal/kg and the T60 sample from 8060 to 8210 kcal/kg. X-ray diffraction and FTIR patterns showed mineral phases like quartz, kaolinite, and pyrite. The FTIR spectra indicated altered C-S, SO2, and C=O bonds. The thermal profile showed a 12.54% mass loss difference between untreated and treated coal samples, suggesting lower thermal stability post-treatment without affecting the useful heating value (UHV). The treated coal�s surface leaching and morphological structure changes were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) images. Raman analysis revealed increased carbon crystallinity and molecular structure in treated coal. This study offers an environmentally friendly and efficient approach to clean coal production. � 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Comparative analysis of simultaneous integrated boost and sequential boost radiotherapy in node-positive cervical cancer: dosimetric and radiobiological considerations
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Mishra R.; Singh S.; Patel G.; Mandal A.; Mishra H.; Pandey A.; Bahadur B.; Singh P.K.; Sachan S.; Tewari M.
For locally advanced cervical cancer, the standard therapeutic approach involves concomitant chemoradiation therapy, supplemented by a brachytherapy boost. Moreover, an external beam radiotherapy (RT) boost should be considered for treating gross lymph node (LN) volumes. Two boost approaches exist with Volumetric Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT): Sequential (SEQ) and Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB). This study undertakes a comprehensive dosimetric and radiobiological comparison between these two boost strategies. The study encompassed ten patients who underwent RT for cervical cancer with node-positive disease. Two sets of treatment plans were generated for each patient: SIB-VMAT and SEQ-VMAT. Dosimetric as well as radiobiological parameters including tumour control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) were compared. Both techniques were analyzed for two different levels of LN involvement � only pelvic LNs and pelvic with para-aortic LNs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25.0. SIB-VMAT exhibited superior target coverage, yielding improved doses to the planning target volume (PTV) and gross tumour volume (GTV). Notably, SIB-VMAT plans displayed markedly superior dose conformity. While SEQ-VMAT displayed favorable organ sparing for femoral heads, SIB-VMAT appeared as the more efficient approach for mitigating bladder and bowel doses. TCP was significantly higher with SIB-VMAT, suggesting a higher likelihood of successful tumour control. Conversely, no statistically significant difference in NTCP was observed between the two techniques. This study�s findings underscore the advantages of SIB-VMAT over SEQ-VMAT in terms of improved target coverage, dose conformity, and tumour control probability. In particular, SIB-VMAT demonstrated potential benefits for cases involving para-aortic nodes. It is concluded that SIB-VMAT should be the preferred approach in all cases of locally advanced cervical cancer. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
COVID-19 Vaccines: A Radiological Review of the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
(Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kumar I.; Ansari M.S.; Verma A.; Singh P.K.; Chakrabarti S.S.; Shukla R.C.
The World Health Organization has declared �with great hope� an end to COVID-19 as a public health emergency. The vaccination drive that started in December 2020 played a crucial role in controlling the pandemic. However, the pace at which COVID-19 vaccines were developed and deployed for general population use led to vaccine hesitancy, largely owing to concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of the vaccines. Radiology has been instrumental in demonstrating the extent of pulmonary involvement and identification of the complications of COVID-19, and the same holds true for vaccine-related complications. This review summarizes the existing body of radiological literature regarding the efficacy, adverse events, and imaging pitfalls that accompany the global rollout of various COVID-19 vaccines. � 2024. Indian Radiological Association. All rights reserved.
Critical review on toxic contaminants in surface water ecosystem: sources, monitoring, and its impact on human health
(Springer, 2024) Singh P.K.; Kumar U.; Kumar I.; Dwivedi A.; Singh P.; Mishra S.; Seth C.S.; Sharma R.K.
Surface water pollution is a critical and urgent global issue that demands immediate attention. Surface water plays a crucial role in supporting and sustaining life on the earth, but unfortunately, till now, we have less understanding of its spatial and temporal dynamics of discharge and storage variations at a global level. The contamination of surface water arises from various sources, classified into point and non-point sources. Point sources are specific, identifiable origins of pollution that release pollutants directly into water bodies through pipes or channels, allowing for easier identification and management, e.g., industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants, and landfills. However, non-point sources originate from widespread activities across expansive areas and present challenges due to its diffuse nature and multiple pathways of contamination, e.g., agricultural runoff, urban storm water runoff, and atmospheric deposition. Excessive accumulation of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, chlorination by-products, pharmaceutical products in surface water through different pathways threatens food quality and safety. As a result, there is an urgent need for developing and designing new tools for identifying and quantifying various environmental contaminants. In this context, chemical and biological sensors emerge as fascinating devices well-suited for various environmental applications. Numerous chemical and biological sensors, encompassing electrochemical, magnetic, microfluidic, and biosensors, have recently been invented by hydrological scientists for the detection of water pollutants. Furthermore, surface water contaminants are monitored through different sensors, proving their harmful effects on human health. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Cyanobacteria as a Biocatalyst for Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Chemicals
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024) Singh V.K.; Jha S.; Rana P.; Soni R.; Lalnunpuii R.; Singh P.K.; Sinha R.P.; Singh G.
The combustion of fossil fuels constitutes a significant catalyst for climate change, resulting in the annual release of about two billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2). The increase in CO2 emission is directly linked to a heightened occurrence of natural calamities and health-related issues. The substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources is a fundamental approach to reduce the negative impacts caused by consumption of these nonrenewable energy resources. The utilisation of biological methodologies to produce environmentally friendly energy from renewable sources holds significant potential for the sustainable production of fuel. However, the cultivation of first- and second-generation biofuel crops presents a challenge, since they compete for limited cropland, hence constraining their overall viability. In contrast, photosynthetic microorganisms such as algae and cyanobacteria exhibit significant potential as third-generation biofuel catalysts, devoid of the limitations associated with contemporary biofuels. Cyanobacteria, a type of photosynthetic prokaryotes, exhibit significant potential for the direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into biofuels, chemicals, and various other valuable compounds. There has been a growing interest in the concept of utilising biological processes to convert carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals. The introduction of a limited number of heterologous genes has the potential to confer upon cyanobacteria the capability to convert particular central metabolites into a diverse range of end products. The progress in the field of synthetic biology and genetic manipulation has enabled the manipulation of cyanobacteria to synthesise compounds that are not generally produced by these organisms in their natural environment. This study focuses on recent papers that employ various methodologies to engineer cyanobacteria for the purpose of producing high-value compounds, such as biofuels. � 2024 by the authors.
Demineralization of Coal from Johilla Coalfield using Neutrophilic Native Bacteria: A Novel Technique to obtain REE from Coal
(Geological Society of India, 2024) Rai S.; Singh A.L.; Singh P.K.
Mineral matter in coal is the host of several environmentally sensitive elements and a potential source of Rare Earth Elements (REE). During combustion, some trace elements are liberated as gas, while others get concentrated in ash, contaminating soil and local water bodies. Minimizing the inorganic content makes the coal clean and eventually increases its calorific value. Bacteria serve as an eco-friendly remediation tool, particularly neutrophilic ones that facilitate the treatment at mild pH and ambient temperatures. Use of native bacteria accelerates the treatment process by readily adapting to substrates. We present the remediation potential of three native neutrophilic bacteria in this study. After six days of treatment, Bacillus sp. CpH06 has reduced ash yield by 15.96%, trace elements by 26% to 75%, and REE by 24% to 50%. Bacillus anthracis CpH08 has reduced ash yield by 22.6%, trace elements by 6.4% to 70.5%, and REE by 8.4% to 37%. Maximum ash yield reduction of 22.91% was attained by the Cronobacter sp. CpH10 including reduction of 8.1% to 73% of trace elements and 26% to 48% of REEs. The FTIR spectra reveal alterations in both peak intensity and position of inorganic functional groups resulting from the removal of elements, formation of new bonds, and the elimination of certain pre-existing functional groups. XRD spectra indicate bio-oxidation mechanism, exhibited by the removal of copper sulfate hydroxide and pyrite along with formation of Jarosite and metal-sulfide peaks. The findings encourage further research on the effectiveness and performance of these bacteria on diverse types of coals. � 2024 Geological Society of India, Bengaluru, India.
Demystifying the Radiography of Age Estimation in Criminal Jurisprudence: A Pictorial Review
(Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 2024) Bhardwaj V.; Kumar I.; Aggarwal P.; Singh P.K.; Shukla R.C.; Verma A.
Skeletal radiographs along with dental examination are frequently used for age estimation in medicolegal cases where documentary evidence pertaining to age is not available. Wrist and hand radiographs are the most common skeletal radiograph considered for age estimation. Other parts imaged are elbow, shoulder, knee, and hip according to suspected age categories. Age estimation by wrist radiographs is usually done by the Tanner-Whitehouse method where the maturity level of each bone is categorized into stages and a final total score is calculated that is then transformed into the bone age. Careful assessment and interpretation at multiple joints are needed to minimize the error and categorize into age-group. In this article, we aimed to summarize a suitable radiographic examination and interpretation for bone age estimation in living children, adolescents, young adults, and adults for medicolegal purposes. � 2024 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.. All rights reserved.
Economic Analysis of Paddy Cultivation in Kapilvastu District of Nepal
(Agri Bio Research Publishers, 2024) Singh P.K.; Singh O.P.; Mahto S.; Raj S.
Rice is the staple food in Nepal being the major source of livelihood and income for around 2/3rd of the farm households. The present study was carried out in wards 5 and 6 of Kapilvastu district of Nepal to estimate the cost and returns from the cultivation of paddy, resource use efficiency and to know the major input constraints perceived by the paddy growers. The primary data were collected through household survey using interview schedule. The cost of cultivation per hectare for paddy was found to be Nepali Rupees (NRs) 140233.91 (INR 87646.19) and the gross and net returns were NRs 158163 (INR 98851.87) and NRs 17929.09 (INR 11205.68), respectively. The benefit-cost ratio was found to be 1.13. This showed that paddy farming was profitable in the study area. The resource use efficiency analysis showed that expenditure on seed, irrigation and fertilizer had significant impact on the total return from the cultivation of paddy. A unit increase in the expenditure on seed, fertilizer and irrigation would result into-6.62, 7.23 and 10.35 unit increase in total returns from paddy cultivation. Analysis of constraints was done using Garret�s ranking technique which showed that high seed and fertilizer costs were the major input constraints followed by high labour cost, timely unavailability of fertilizer, timely unavailability of labour, fluctuating market prices of inputs and timely unavailability of seeds. It was suggested that subsidy should be given on seed and fertilizer and it should be made available on time. Similarly, farmers should be encouraged to cultivate crops that give high returns. � 2024, Agri Bio Research Publishers. All rights reserved.
Editorial: Microorganisms in polar regions: understanding their survival strategies for a sustainable future
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Vick-Majors T.J.; Singh S.M.; Singh P.K.
[No abstract available]
Elucidating molecular diversity and grouping of Indian maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using SNP markers
(Akademiai Kiado ZRt., 2024) Madankar K.; Shahi J.P.; Singh P.K.; KR Y.; Singamsetti A.; Nair S.K.; Bhatla A.; Shikha K.; Rakshit S.
Information on genetic diversity and population structure in maize breeding lines can assist in selecting genetic resources and managing genetic variation in breeding programs. The ability to find ample single nucleotide polymorphisms in crops has recently been made possible by breakthroughs in sequencing technology. The present work is focused on the genetic diversity, population structure and clustering of 56 Indian maize inbreds using 1166 informative SNP markers. The inbreds were collected from eight different geographic locations across India. The average polymorphism information content, minor allele frequency and observed heterozygosity of the germplasm were 0.27, 0.25, and 0.10, respectively. The inbred lines were resolved into more meaningful groups based on the Bayesian structure model, Principal co-ordinate analysis, Neighbor-joining and Unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean clustering methods with slight variations in size and number. Inbreds maintained at the same geographical location were distributed into different clusters suggesting that classification based on geographical regions is ineffective. Additionally, information obtained from the study might be beneficial for grouping inbred lines into different heterotic groups and reducing cross-pollination between closely related lines. � Akad�miai Kiad� Zrt. 2023.
Estimation of reservoir properties using pre-stack seismic inversion and neural network in mature oil field, Upper Assam basin, India
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Singh P.K.; Shankar U.
The mature oil fields require comprehensive characterization for enhanced hydrocarbon production, and subsequently demands estimation of reservoir properties. The key properties viz. volume of clay, effective-porosity, hydrocarbon-saturation has been evaluated for an aging Oligocene reservoir of Upper Assam basin, located in northeastern India from seismic and well log data. Elastic properties (acoustic and shear impedance) and density are derived from pre-stack inversion of 3D seismic data. These elastic properties are analyzed for their sensitivity for discrimination of lithology and fluid-content, and many derived attributes are computed from elastic properties. These attributes are assessed for their predictability to predict the target reservoir properties using multi-attribute analysis. For each of the target property neural network is trained with the most predictable attributes, and multi-dimensional, non-linear neural network models are created using multilayered feed forward neural network (MLFN), followed by Probabilistic neural network (PNN). The specific neural network models for each target property are employed for quantitative estimate of volume of clay, effective-porosity, hydrocarbon-saturation in inter-well regions. The estimated properties leverage the identification of untapped oil reserves and provide promising opportunity for enhanced production through drilling of infill wells. � 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Evaluating groundwater depletion under natural and induced stresses: a numerical modeling approach toward aquifer sustainability
(IWA Publishing, 2024) Tewari A.; Singh P.K.; Gaur S.; Kumar R.; Mishra S.
The ever-increasing demand for freshwater has led to the overexploitation of aquifers. Despite its known importance, integrated studies reckoning the impact of external stress on budget components are limited. This study assessed the spatiotemporal impact of recharge and abstraction stresses in Lower Betwa River Basin (LBRB) aquifers, India, from 2003 to 2020, using SWAT and MODFLOW-NWT models. The simulated difference in groundwater inflow and outflow components was accounted by a net cumulative storage loss of 36.5 Mm3/year. Mann-Kendall trend analysis indicated that about 62 % of the LBRB showed a declining trend in groundwater levels (0 - 1.2 m/year), 30% of the area had no significant trend and around 8% area showed an increasing trend. Spatial storage variations indicated that 78% of basin area was under stable aquifer systems while 1.6% area was under very high storage stress. Application of management scenarios to reduce groundwater storage loss exhibited that a 20% reduction in abstraction rates would reduce storage loss by 29% and 16% in Bamaur and Gursarai blocks. An integrated approach of abstraction reduction and increased inflow through managed aquifer recharge was the most suitable management solution to offset groundwater depletion and achieve long term sustainability in the LBRB. � 2024 The Authors.
Exploring the Concept of Self-Similarity and High-Frequency Decay Kappa-Model and fmax-Model Using Strong-Motion Surface and Borehole Data of Japan: A Statistical Approach
(Springer International Publishing, 2024) Kumar R.; Singh R.; Rai A.; Sandeep; Singh S.P.; Maurya S.P.; Singh P.K.
We statistically analyzed the fmax-model, ?-model and stress drop (??) using surface and borehole data of the KIK-NET Japan seismological network. The statistical tests show no contribution of source in the fmax-model and ?-model. The �fmax� values obtained in the present study are 4.2�11.0 Hz and 5�11.0 Hz for surface and borehole data, respectively. The impact of local heterogeneities and wave propagation path is clearly visible on both surface and borehole fmax-models. The same is confirmed by the p-value �t-test�. The multivariate linear regression (MVLR) has been applied for the analysis of dependent variables �?(s)� and �?(w)� w.r.t. independent variables epicentral distance and magnitude. The p-value calculated by t-test indicates the strong dependence of ?(s) and ?(w) on near-surface geology and the physical state of the wave travelling media but almost no contribution of magnitude. The contribution of near-surface geology in kappa values is also confirmed by the �?0� (kappa at epicentral distance = 0). The relationships between the fmax-model and the ?-model have been developed for the study region. The stress drop (??(s)) assessed from surface data is 44.16-65.86 bars with an average value of 53.19 bars and borehole derived stress drop (??(w)) is 46.38-68.13 bars with an average value of 54.16 bars. This study discards the effect of depth; type of earthquake, i.e. normal, reverse and strike-slip; and signal to noise ratio (SNR) on stress drop as there is no huge variation in both ??(s) and ??(w) with the seismic moment and source radius. Therefore, the study supports the concept of self-similarity. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Geochemical and mineralogical assessment of environmentally sensitive elements in Neyveli lignite deposits, Cauvery Basin, India
(Springer, 2024) Rajak P.K.; Gopinathan P.; Kumar A.; Kumar O.P.; Rahi I.C.; Sharma A.; Singh P.K.; Karmakar A.
This research work presents an examination of the concentrations and modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements within lignite deposits, located in Neyveli, within the Cauvery Basin of India. Coal is one of the most complex geologically formed materials, consisting of organic and inorganic matter. The inorganic mineral matter including the�crystalline minerals, non-crystalline mineraloids, and elements with non-mineral associations. These lignite samples underwent complete analysis encompassing macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical assessments. The analysis reveals that the total mineral matter (MM) content, comprising significant proportions of sulphides, carbonate and argillaceous components. Geochemical characterization further elucidates the lignite�s properties, with proximate analysis yielding values such as ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon and the Ultimate components analysis reveals the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Inorganic mineral matters play a significant role in coal utilization, and also such modes of occurrence of elements provide useful geochemical information on coal formation and coal-bearing basin evolution. In this paper, we assess the associations of elements and minerals, as well as the associations of selected elements including environmentally-sensitive (e.g., S, As, U, and Hg), and some major elements (e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and Ti) that have largely occurred in non-mineral forms in these low-rank coals. And also, comparative analysis is conducted between the concentrations of elements within the lignite samples and the values reported for World Clarke Brown Coals (WCBC). Particularly, some of these elements exhibit significantly high environmental sensitivity, demanding careful consideration in lignite extraction and utilization practices. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.
Heavy metal contamination in the wastewater irrigated soil and bioaccumulation in cultivated vegetables: Assessment of human health risk
(Academic Press Inc., 2024) Singh R.; Singh P.K.; Madheshiya P.; Khare A.K.; Tiwari S.
Heavy metal contamination in soil and accumulation in cultivated vegetables is currently an urgent ecological problem prevalent throughout the world. The study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in irrigation water, soil, and vegetables grown in the vicinity of the industrial area of northern India. Furthermore, this study also assessed the health risk to the local population from consuming vegetables grown in metal-contaminated areas. In the present study, concentrations of all heavy metals in the soil remained within the acceptable limits stipulated by national standards, with the exception of Ni, which exceeded the prescribed threshold limit (Ni=75�100, Cu=135�270, Zn=300�600, Pb=250�500 �gg?1). The concentration of heavy metals in the vegetables was found maximum at the Lohta site followed by Ramnagar, Varuna, Dinapur, and Shivpur as compared to the control site (BHU). The highest concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb was found in Spinacia oleracea followed by Amaranthus grain, Mentha spicata, Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum melongena, Lagenaria siceraria, Solanum lycopersicum, Momordica charantia, Luffa acutangula, and least in Phaseolus vulgaris. The higher metal content of these vegetables is further supported by an increase in the metal pollution index (MPI) of wastewater-irrigated soil. The maximum DIM (Daily intake of metals) was reported in S. oleracea (0.061 ?g g?1/day), whereas the minimum for P. vulgaris (0.007 ?g g?1/day). On the basis of health quotient (HQ) revealed that at the Lohta, Ramnagar, Varuna Dinapur sites, HQ values of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb were found greater than one (>1) for both children and adults on the consumption of all tested plants. The HQ value of all heavy metals except Zn indicated their contamination in the vegetables and their health risks to the local residents. As a result, continuous monitoring and source control should be conducted for heavy metals i.e., Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb, to ensure the region's food quality and environmental security. � 2024 Elsevier Inc.

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