BHU Institutional Repository :: Browsing by Author "Tiwari K.N."

Browsing by Author "Tiwari K.N."

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5-Amino uracil activated silver nano resonators for highly selective visual detection of dopamine and as an agonist towards BAP: Promoting shoot growth in Bacopa monnieri L.
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Singh S.; Singh R.; Singh A.K.; Yadav M.; Mishra S.K.; Dixit J.; Verma P.; Tiwari K.N.; Upadhyay K.K.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average size of about 17.5 nm have been synthesized using 5-amino uracil as a reducing and capping agent. The concentration of these AgNPs was worked out to be 48 nM. These AgNPs served as a highly selective optical sensor against an important neurotransmitter like dopamine (DA) at its nano molar level (94 nM) with the linearity range of 1�5 �M. The quantification of DA in one of its injection sample was also achieved with a recovery of 91 %. Studies like FTIR, UV�Vis, XPS, SEM, TEM, EDX, DLS and Zeta potential measurements have supported our findings. Significant amplification in the Raman signal of DA was also observed upon its addition into as prepared AgNPs solution. Moreover, these AgNPs seemed to augment the activity of cytokinin (BAP) in synergistic fashion and enhanced in vitro high frequency shoots regeneration in B. monnieri L. and also led to increment in its antioxidant metabolite contents like phenol and flavonoid. � 2023 Elsevier B.V.
A Dual Therapeutic Approach to Diabetes Mellitus via Bioactive Phytochemicals Found in a Poly Herbal Extract by Restoration of Favorable Gut Flora and Related Short-Chain Fatty Acids
(Springer, 2024) Singh A.K.; Kumar P.; Mishra S.K.; Rajput V.D.; Tiwari K.N.; Singh A.K.; Minkina T.; Pandey A.K.; Upadhyay P.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic and endocrine condition, poses a serious threat to human health and longevity. The emerging role of gut microbiome associated with bioactive compounds has recently created a new hope for DM treatment. UHPLC-HRMS methods were used to identify these compounds in a poly herbal ethanolic extract (PHE). The effects of PHE on body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, and the correlation between DM-related indices and gut microbes, in rats were investigated. Chebulic acid (0.368%), gallic acid (0.469%), andrographolide (1.304%), berberine (6.442%), and numerous polysaccharides were the most representative constituents in PHE. A more significant BW gain and a reduction in FBG level towards normal of PHE 600�mg/kg treated rats group were resulted at the end of 28th days of the study. Moreover, the composition of the gut microbiota corroborated the study�s hypothesis, as evidenced by an increased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and some beneficial microbial species, including Prevotella copri and Lactobacillus hamster. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Ruminococcus bromii, and Blautia producta was found to decline in PHE treatment groups as compared to diabetic group. The abundance of beneficial bacteria in PHE 600�mg/kg treatment group was concurrently associated with increased SCFAs concentrations of acetate and propionate (7.26�nmol/g and 4.13�nmol/g). The findings of this study suggest a promising approach to prevent DM by demonstrating that these naturally occurring compounds decreased FBG levels by increasing SCFAs content and SCFAs producing gut microbiota. Graphical Abstract: Flow chart summarizing research on the dual therapeutic approach to diabetes mellitus via bioactive chemicals found in a poly herbal extract and the management of gut microbiota in relation to DM. (SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; SMB53, a genus of bacterial microbiota of small intestine; LPS, lipopolysaccharide) (Figure presented.) � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Appraisal on accumulation of nanoenabled agrochemicals in plants with subsequent morphophysiological implications
(Elsevier, 2024) Kumar P.; Singh K.; Singh A.K.; Singh N.; Singh S.; Rajput V.D.; Minkina T.; Mishra S.K.; Tiwari K.N.
The use of agricultural goods that are nanoenabled with nanotechnology, including nanoemulsions, nanoherbicides, nanofertilizers, and nanopesticides, to enhance the efficacy of agrochemical distribution to crop plants has become a more practical option. Many experiments have shown that the use of nanoagrochemicals has the efficacy of lowering the negative effects of chemical-derived fertilizer on the natural environment, in addition to significantly boosting crop yield. Still, new evidence suggests that goods made using nanotechnology not only have the ability to boost agricultural productivity but also bring about changes to the condition of the crop. There have been reports of variations in the amount of carbohydrates, amino acids, and starch present, in addition to the necessary metals. The levels of verbi gratia, albumin, globulin, and prolamin have dramatically increased in rice that has been subjected to CeO2-engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), whereas the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus have risen in different crops that received treatments treated with CeO2, CuO, and ZnO ENPs. On the other hand, researchers found that Mo and Ni levels dropped in both cucumbers and kidney beans after they were treated with synthetic nanoparticles made of CeO2 and ZnO, respectively. However, brief studies on the particular effects of nanoenabled agrochemical in agricultural area have been disscussed. � 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bio-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC.: Characterization and evaluation of its activity against Leishmania donovani
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Dixit J.; Kumar P.; Singh R.; Verma P.; Tiwari K.N.; Singh R.K.; Mishra S.K.; Singh J.
Uraria picta is used as a folk medicine to cure various ailments. Regardless of ethnobotanical application, a therapeutic study of the plant parts has yet to be reported. Aqueous leaf extract was enriched with secondary metabolites like phenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Total phenol (60.97 mgG?1 GAE), total flavonoid (52.36 mgG?1 RE), and antioxidant activity (IC50 2666.95 �gmL?1) of the extract were measured. Bio-based silver nanoparticles (LEUP-AgNPs) were fabricated using a secondary metabolite-enriched leaf extract of U. picta (LEUP), and characterization of LEUP-AgNPs was done. The LEUP-AgNPs were crystalline, circular (13.04 � 5.97�nm), monodisperse (pdi 0.205), and stable (-17.8�mV). The LEUP-AgNPs surface was composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and silver. A comparative study was performed to evaluate the potential of LEUP and LEUP-AgNPs against promastigotes and intra-RAW264.7 macrophage amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. A high dose of LEUP and LEUP-AgNPs significantly inhibited the growth of promastigotes up to 53% and 68%, with an IC50 value of 47.90 �gmL?1 and 6.79 �gmL?1, respectively. LEUP and LEUP-AgNPs higher doses also inhibited intracellular amastigotes up to 53% and 80% with an IC50 value of 6.72 �gmL?1 and 1.16 �gmL?1, respectively. The microscopic examination revealed that LEUP-AgNPs lead to size reduction and aggregations of promastigotes. The LEUP-AgNPs efficiently declined the number of amastigotes per RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to LEUP. LEUP-AgNPs had no cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 macrophages based on the CC50 value. Findings showed LEUP-AgNPs were more efficient than LEUP in controlling L. donovani, which induces visceral leishmaniasis. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Chitosan film of thiolated TPGS-modified Au-Ag nanoparticles for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Singh C.; Mehata A.K.; Viswanadh M.K.; Tiwari P.; Saini R.; Singh S.K.; Tilak R.; Tiwari K.N.; Muthu M.S.
The widely used vitamin-E based amphiphilic material, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was further improvised to redox-sensitive thiolated TPGS (TPGS-SH), which has been achieved by attaching 4-aminothiophenol. Further, TPGS and TPGS-SH-coated bimetallic gold-silver nanoparticles (TPGS-Au-Ag-NP and TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP) were formulated to explore their antibacterial and wound healing abilities. The prepared NP were monodisperse with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 69.5�3.23 nm, 59.65�3.23 nm, PDI of 0.3�0.05, 0.2�0.03 and a zeta potential of +29.2�2.71 mV and +35.28�1.53 mV, respectively. The TPGS and TPGS-SH modified Au-Ag-NP were tested for their antibacterial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and E. coli; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) results showed that TPGS Au-Ag-NP, TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP displayed significantly stronger antibacterial activity than their coating material alone. The anti-efflux pump activity of the most potent antibacterial agent TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP was evaluated against MRSA. Toxicity assessment of TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP in human dermal fibroblasts showed 88% viability up to 125 �g/mL. The TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP, after incorporation in chitosan film (TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP-CS), exhibited sustained release and prolonged in vivo residence characteristics, which were evaluated by IVIS. Results also revealed that treatment with TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP showed a significant 87% wound healing rate after 12 days of application in the rat model. Hence, we concluded that TPGS-SH-Au-Ag-NP was safe and effective against test bacteria MRSA and capable of efficient wound healing when incorporated in chitosan film. � 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel piperic acid and benzylpiperazine hybrid molecules for improvement of memory impairment via cholinesterase inhibitory activity
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kumar J.; Shankar G.; Kumar S.; Singh G.; Gajendra T.A.; Rai S.; Mandloi U.; Srikrishna S.; Kumar S.; Singh A.K.; Kumar P.; Tiwari K.N.; Krishnamurthy S.; Modi G.; Mishra S.K.
In this paper, we have developed a series of piperic acid (PA) derivatives to overcome the inherent constraints linked to PA for Alzheimer's disease (AD) management. We have�carried out a comprehensive study to investigate the structure�activity relationship (SAR) of PAanalogs to enhance�their inhibitory properties towards cholinesterase enzymes. Compound 3m exhibited notable inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) among all developed analogs (BChE (�M), 1.03 � 0.011; AChE (�M), 4.26 � 0.13 respectively) over PA (AChE% inhibition at 20��M, 7.14 � 0.98; BChE% inhibition at 20��M, 5.87 � 0.76). Compound 3m was chosen for further biological investigations based on these encouraging outcomes. 3�m demonstrated a binding affinity for AChE�s peripheral anionic site, indicating its interaction with this specific enzyme region. Additionally, it also possesses favorable permeability across the blood�brain barrier, with a Pe (permeability coefficient) value of 5.79 � 1.12. The�molecular docking investigations unveiled the ability of 3mto intricately engage with AChE and BChE.In cell-based cytotoxicity tests, compound 3m displayed cell-friendly characteristics across different tested concentrations. Notably, 3m�exhibited the ability to counteract scopolamine-induced memory impairmentin mice, enhancing both spatial and cognitive memories. These results strongly suggest that 3m�can behave as a potential compound for AD management. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.) � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2024.
Direct shoot regeneration from cotyledonary node of Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC., an important plant of dashmula drugs, and assessment of genetic fidelity, metabolic profiling, and anti-diabetic activity
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Dixit J.; Verma P.; Mishra P.; Tiwari K.N.; Tiwari S.K.; Mishra S.K.; Singh J.
Uraria picta root is used in the polyherbal product �Dashmula�. Its exploitation for formulation preparation has depleted its availability, leading to medicine adulteration. Direct shoot regeneration from the cotyledonary node holds promise as a source of raw material. This study aimed to develop a regeneration protocol for U. picta and validate its genetic and metabolic fidelity. The seeds of U. picta showed low germination rates, prolonged dormancy, and poor viability. Root exploitation in the wild poses a threat to its availability in nature. Seedling's derived cotyledonary nodes cultured on B5 medium supplemented with BAP (0.5�3 mg L?1), Kinetin (0.5�3 mg L?1), Thidiazuron (0.01�1 mg L?1), and meta-Topolin (0.1�4 mg L1). To address hyperhydricity in regenerated shoots, cotyledonary nodes were cultured on high-agar concentration media. Microshoots were exposed to IBA solution (50�800 mg L?1) pulse treatment for rooting. Tissue-cultured plants genetic fidelity was assessed using ISSR and SCoT markers, while metabolic fidelity was studied with HRMS. The chlorophyll content, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity of micropropagated plants were evaluated. The highest shoot regeneration frequency, with a maximum of 6.57�0.278 shoots per explant, was achieved using 2 mg L?1 meta-Topolin. The shoots were elongated, had expanded leaves, and were hyperhydrated. BAP (2 mg L?1) induced a maximum of 9.83�0.333 shoot buds per explant. BAP caused explant browning, profuse callus formation, dwarfing, and hyperhydric shoots. Hyperhydricity was alleviated with a higher agar concentration (1 %). IBA (400 mg L?1) induced a maximum of 2.18�0.090 roots per shoot and a root length of 9.23�0.033 cm. Tissue-cultured and mother plants exhibited clonal fidelity, similar metabolite and chlorophyll content, strong antioxidant activity, and equal efficacy for inhibiting ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase. This method can propagate elite clones of U. picta and offer its improvement via genetic transformation. � 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Genetic Improvement of Eggplant: Perspectives and Challenges
(Springer Nature, 2024) Mishra P.; Tiwari S.K.; Tiwari K.N.
Eggplant is one of the most consumed vegetable fruit crops in the family Solanaceae, which includes other economically important crops such as potato, tomato, pepper, chili, and tobacco. It exists in three common cultivated forms, S. melongena (brinjal eggplant), S. aethiopicum (scarlet eggplant), and S. macrocarpon (gboma eggplant), which are native to Europe, Asian, and African countries. Differences between cultivars are primarily characterized by the peel color, shape, size, and weight of the fruit, but chemical composition, fruit onset, and environmental challenges also contribute significantly to the evolution of variability and different morphological forms. Identification of useful landraces and breeding of eggplant varieties with improved yield and resistance to pests and pathogens bids a big challenge to breeders due to high level of complexity between the related species. Besides these, the close relatedness of several wild species with the cultivated type is a debatable subject because of complex species-level distinction at the molecular level, which complicates the differentiation of the taxa. A variety of biotechnological approaches and tools have contributed to the genetic improvement and expansion of eggplant ideotypes. This chapter summarizes various efforts for genetic improvement of eggplant, focusing on introducing genes into cultivated eggplant from wild species using the biotechnological approach. The present breeding status and future objectives, significance of molecular marker-assisted breeding, an overview of the QTL mapping and transcriptomic studies, development of sequencing platforms, and popular genomics tools to improve the efficiency of breeding and assist genetic improvement of eggplant shall also be discussed. � The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.
Identification and molecular characterization of genes modulating progression of an oocyte from M-I to M-II in rat ovary
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Sharma A.; Dubey P.K.; Kumar P.; Tiwari K.N.; Tripathi A.
Background: To achieve oocyte competence for successful fertilization, bidirectional communication between oocyte and granulosa cells is crucial. The acquisition of meiotic competency in oocyte is facilitated by various regulatory genes however, expression pattern of these genes is not well documented during meiotic transition from Metaphase-I to Metaphase-II stage. Therefore, the present research analyzed the expression pattern of regulatory genes that are involved in the transition from M-I to M-II stages in rat oocyte. Methods: The analysis of the data was conducted by applying an array of bioinformatic tools. The investigation of gene group interactions was carried out by employing the STRING database, which relies on co-expression information. The gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed utilizing the comparative GO database. Functional annotation for�GO and pathway enrichment analysis were performed for genes involved in networking.�The GO�obtained through computational simulations was subsequently validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results: The findings of our study suggest that there is a distinct gene expression pattern in both the oocyte and granulosa cells. This pattern indicates that oocyte-secreted factors, such as BMP15 and GDF9, play a crucial role in regulating the progression of the meiotic cell cycle from the M-I to M-II stages. We have also examined the level of mRNA expression of genes including CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and STAR, which are crucial for the steroidogenesis. Conclusions: It is fascinating to observe that the oscillatory pattern of specific key genes may hold significance in the process of in vitro oocyte maturation, specifically during the transition from the M-I to M-II stage. It might be useful for determining biomarker genes and potential pathways that play a role in attaining oocyte competency, thereby aiding in the assessment of oocyte quality for the purpose of achieving successful fertilization. � 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
In silico and�network pharmacology�analysis of fucosterol: a potent anticancer bioactive compound against HCC
(Springer, 2024) Singh K.; Kumar P.; Singh A.K.; Singh N.; Singh S.; Tiwari K.N.; Agrawal S.; Das R.; Singh A.; Ram B.; Tripathi A.K.; Mishra S.K.
The Fucaceae family of marine brown algae includes Ascophyllum nodosum. Fucosterol (FSL) is a unique bioactive component that was identified through GC-MS analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract of A. nodosum. Fucosterol's mechanism of action towards hepatocellular cancer was clarified using network pharmacology and docking study techniques. The probable target gene of FSL has been predicted using the TargetNet and SwissTargetPred databases. GeneCards and the DisGNet database were used to check the targeted genes of FSL. By using the web programme Venny 2.1, the overlaps of FSL and HCC disease demonstrated that 18 genes (1.3%) were obtained as targeted genes Via the STRING database, a protein�protein interaction (PPI) network with 18 common target genes was constructed. With the aid of CytoNCA, hub genes were screened using the Cytoscape software, and the targets' hub genes were exported into the ShinyGo online tool for study of KEGG and gene ontology enrichment. Using the software AutoDock, a hub gene molecular docking study was performed. Ten genes, including AR, CYP19A1, ESR1, ESR2, TNF, PPARA, PPARG, HMGCR, SRC, and IGF1R, were obtained. The 10 targeted hubs docked with FSL successfully. The active components FSL of ASD, the FSL, are engaged in fatty liver disease, cancer pathways, and other signalling pathways, which could prove beneficial for the management of HCC. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Nano-assisted delivery tools for plant genetic engineering: a review on recent developments
(Springer, 2024) Kumar P.; Rajput V.D.; Singh A.K.; Agrawal S.; Das R.; Minkina T.; Shukla P.K.; Wong M.H.; Kaushik A.; Albukhaty S.; Tiwari K.N.; Mishra S.K.
Conventional approaches like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, viral transduction, biolistic particle bombardment, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-facilitated delivery methods have been optimized for transporting specific genes to various plant cells. These conventional approaches in genetically modified crops are dependent on several factors like plant types, cell types, and genotype requirements, as well as numerous disadvantages such as time-consuming, untargeted distribution of genes, and high cost of cultivation. Therefore, it is suggested to develop novel techniques for the transportation of genes in crop plants using tailored nanoparticles (NPs) of manipulative and controlled high-performance features synthesized using green and chemical routes. It is observed that site-specific delivery of genes exhibits high efficacy in species-independent circumstances which leads to an increased level of productivity. Therefore, to achieve these outcomes, NPs can be utilized as gene nano-carriers for excellent delivery inside crops (i.e., cotton, tobacco, rice, wheat, okra, and maize) for desired genetic engineering modifications. As outcomes, this review provides an outline of the conventional techniques and current application of numerous nano-enabled gene delivery needed for crop gene manipulation, the benefits, and drawbacks associated with state-of-the-art techniques, which serve as a roadmap for the possible applicability of nanomaterials in plant genomic engineering as well as crop improvement in the future. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Nanoparticles for crop improvement and management
(De Gruyter, 2024) Das R.; Kumar P.; Agrawal S.; Singh K.; Singh N.; Singh S.; Vishwakarma J.; Rajput V.D.; Singh A.K.; Minkina T.M.; Bhattacharya I.; Mishra S.K.; Tiwari K.N.
Agriculture is the mainstay, especially for developing countries. Climate changes globally and a rapidly expanding population are posing new challenges to food security, necessitating effective crop enhancement technologies that provide excellent crop quality and quantity. Chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to address biotic stressors in crop production, but these have serious consequences for crop quality and health. Nanotechnology is a novel and scientific method employed in designing, manipulating, and developing beneficial nanoparticles. Materials of nanometer-scale sizes that range from 1 nm to 100 nm are produced using nanotechnology. Due to their small sizes, they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio (as compared to bulk forms), thereby conferring unique and desirable physical traits. The nanotechnology application in agriculture is outstandingly advancing in order to improve food quality, minimize agricultural inputs, boost nutritional content, and extend shelf life. Crop improvement, crop growth, crop protection, soil enhancement, stress tolerance, and precision farming all benefit from nanotechnology. Nanomaterials provide a platform for delivering agrochemicals and other macromolecules required for plant growth improvement and stress tolerance. Smart agrochemical delivery boosts production by regulating nutrients and water requirements. Both the quality and quantity of agriculture can be improved by using nanoparticles to transform genes and supply macromolecules that encourage expression of genes. The motive of the chapter is to highlight importance of different nanoparticles in abiotic stress, detection of pathogen, seed germination, crop growth, quality enrichment, and supplementation of macronutrients and micronutrients. � 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Nanoparticles-based abiotic stresses management in the climate era for sustainable crop production
(De Gruyter, 2024) Agrawal S.; Kumar P.; Das R.; Solanki S.; Rajput V.D.; Singh A.K.; Minkina T.M.; Bhattacharya I.; Mishra S.K.; Tiwari K.N.
Rapid population expansion and environmental difficulties in agriculture necessitate the development of new and efficient ways to address the expanding global demand for food. Modern nanotechnology developments have received widespread application in agricultural safety and post-harvest processing. Nanostructures are necessary for plant control, seedling growth, and genetic modification. Its size, surface morphology, composition, and features were created to allow sustained delivery and specific strength in agriculture and the food business. Nanotechnology has the ability to be used for the precise and regulated administration of nutrients, insecticides, regulators, and so on. It also contributes to the elimination of chemical-based agrochemicals and their water solubility, the protection of agrochemical breakdown, maintaining soil health, and the natural control of crop pathogens. Nanoparticles can be exploited efficiently for nanoencapsulation, seed germination, genetic manipulation, and so on in order to preserve crops and increase crop productivity, food quality, and climate monitoring. Nanotechnology played a key role in the assimilation and transportation operations, biologically transforming the plants, promoting high-seed germination, and enhancing agricultural yield. In this chapter, we will highlight some of the most essential nanomaterial technologies for efficient agro-food systems. The necessity and function of nanotechnology in addressing the issues and difficulties facing agriculture and the food sector are thoroughly discussed, along with the limitations and future prospects of nanoparticles. � 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Premna integrifolia: A Review on the Exploration of its Potential Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2024) Singh C.; Mehata A.K.; Muthu M.S.; Tiwari K.N.
Several Premna species can be found over the entire tropical and subtropical regions of Australia, Asia, and Africa. Many conventional herbal preparations using P. integrifolia (Lamiaceae) have been reported for their potential health advantages. The P. integrifolia is taxonomically ambiguous because of the wide variation in specimens obtained from various geographic locations. The plant is extensively used to treat immune-related disorders, skin conditions, inflammatory conditions, and stomach issues. The root of P. integrifolia is broadly utilized in the manufacture of Ayurvedic pharmaceutical products, such as Dasamula Kvatha and Chayawanprash Avaleha. It has also been identified to have antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and antifungal properties. The current study aims to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of P. integrifolia against various cancers, as well as its antiinflammatory activity, antidiabetic, cardiac-stimulant, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiparasitic, and wound healing activity, as well as the presence of various secondary metabolites in different parts of the plant used in a variety of formulations. � 2024 Bentham Science Publishers.
Preparation of hydrogel from the hydroalcoholic root extract of Premna integrifolia L. and its mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for wound healing efficacy
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Verma P.; Dixit J.; Singh C.; Singh A.N.; Singh A.; Tiwari K.N.; Muthu M.S.; Nath G.; Mishra S.K.
The current investigation concentrated on the fabrication of silver nanoparticles through the root of Premna integrifolia L. The antibacterial and wound healing effects of their silver nanoparticles-hydrogel and root extract-hydrogel were evaluated. The hydroalcoholic root extract of P. integrifolia was enriched with crocetin, ferulic acid, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin. The silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized through secondary metabolite-enriched hydroalcoholic root extract (5 %) when mixed with 1 mM AgNO3 and kept under sunlight for 10 minutes. They showed an optimum surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 447 nm. The aldehyde, phenol, and primary amine groups of the extract reduce silver cations into nanoparticles. The nanoparticles band gap of 2.06 eV showed their semi-conductance behavior. The nanoparticles were spherical, uniformly distributed, and stable. The nanoparticles had a good roughness profile and 57.55 % elemental silver. The silver nanoparticles-hydrogel (10 %) showed an efficient 11�0.11 nm zone of inhibition of S. aureus in comparison to the root extract-hydrogel (10 %), i.e., 9�0.15 nm. The nanoparticles-hydrogel and the root extract-hydrogel did not show noticeable symptoms of acute dermal toxicity. The nanoparticles-hydrogel (10 %) and the root extract-hydrogel (10 %) healed 99.9 % and 97.3 % of the S. aureus- infected wound, respectively. The nanoparticle-hydrogel efficiently induced re-epithelialization in the dermis of S. aureus-infected wound compared to the extract-hydrogel. The nanoparticle-hydrogel enhanced the rate of wound closure. � 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense mechanisms: a molecular and biotechnological insights
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Upadhyay R.; Saini R.; Shukla P.K.; Tiwari K.N.
The plants produce secondary metabolites (SMs) as defence compounds against both abiotic and biotic stresses. These stresses instigate the secretion and release of SMs by up or down-regulating the concerned genes involved in their synthesis. The secretion of SMs varies with the plant's genetic constitution and accordingly-they are susceptible or resistant. These metabolites mostly act as deterrents or antifeedants, allelochemicals, toxins or precursors of other metabolites that defend plants from stresses. However, some pathogens use these metabolites as a signal for host recognition or nutrition rather than using them as toxins or deterrents. The SMs activate different signalling pathways e.g. terpenoids modulate the calcineurin pathway, sesquiterpenoids modulate the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathway, polyphenols activate the jasmonic acid and phenylpropanoid pathway, and alkaloids activate the salicylic acid pathway to protect against pathogens and herbivores. Polyphenolic compounds provide resistance to different microbes by expressing different pathogenesis-proteins and hypersensitive reaction-mediated cell death and eliminate pathogens by altering the membrane permeability (inhibiting efflux pump), cell wall integrity, suppressing enzyme activity, free radicals� generation, inhibiting protein biosynthesis, damaging DNA and reducing the expression of virulent genes. Flavonoids help plants sustain pathogen stresses through the changes in the auxin transport process. The pathogen exposure upregulate genes of alkaloid synthesis pathways such as tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC), S-norcoclurine synthase (NCS), codeinone reductase 2-like (COR-2), and StWRKY8 transcription factors which in turn accumulate alkaloids in large amounts. Plant exposure to pathogens leads to hypersensitivity reactions and phytoalexin accumulation. The plant's treatment of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid upregulated downstream transcription factors, increased the expression of defence proteins, triggered the synthesis of SMs, and provided resistance against multiple pathogens. Pathogens and herbivores have also coevolved to cope with defence metabolites by detoxifying the toxic metabolites, converting toxins into useful products, evolving their food choice, fast digestive system, expulsion of toxins, and down-regulation of the gene-producing secondary metabolites. This review article gives a molecular insight into the genes and regulatory proteins controlling the synthesis of SMs, which may help decipher the role of the biosynthetic pathway intermediates and thereby scoring genes providing resistance to various stresses. The article comprehensively describes the roles of different SMs in plant defence and their molecular mechanisms of action. � The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.

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