Browsing by Author "S.P. Shukla"

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An assessment of biopotential of three cyanobacterial isolates from Antarctic for carotenoid production
(2003) S.P. Shukla; A.K. Kashyap
Specific growth rates and carotenoid contents of three Antarctic and tropical strains of cyanobacteria viz. Anabaena sp., Phormidium sp. and Nostoc sp. were compared in batch and mass cultures to assess bio-potential of Antarctic strains for cost-effective carotenoid production. Antarctic strains though exhibited slightly lower specific growth rates, but contained higher carotenoid contents (per unit dry wt.), than tropical strains. Modification of normal composition of BG-11 culture medium, by altering nitrogen and carbon sources resulted in 25-38% increase in carotenoid content in both types of strains. Mass-culture in indoor and semi- outdoor bio-reactors resulted in 39-113% higher carotenoid content in Antarctic strains, compared to their respective tropical strains. The observations suggest that Antarctic cyanobacteria may have potential as superior strains for maximizing the yield of carotenoids.
An inexpensive adsorption technique for the treatment of carpet effluents by low cost materials
(Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, 1996) G.S. Gupta; S.P. Shukla
The application of adsorption techniques for the treatment of carpet effluents containing mainly Metomega Chrome Orange GL (MCO) using various low-cost materials, i.e. coal, fly ash, china clay and wollastonite, has been tested. In all cases, low initial dye concentration, low temperature and low pH favour the removal process. The maximum uptake of the dye by these materials has been determined at 30°C and a pH of 4.5. The effect of pH on the removal of the said dye has been explained in terms of surface hydroxylation and complexation. Various empirical models have been developed in an attempt to correlate the percentage uptake of dye with the parameters investigated. Dynamic modelling of the dye uptake has been undertaken and found to follow first-order kinetics. The rate constants were determined during the adsorption of the dye under the optimum conditions. Coefficients for mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion were also evaluated in order to explain the mechanism. Langmuir's isotherm was found to be valid. Significant desorption of the dye from the surface of the adsorbents was noted at pH 12.0.
An overview of human health risk from opium alkaloids and related pharmaceutical products pollution in aquatic ecosystems
(Elsevier, 2022) Sonam; Markandeya; Y. Shiv Shankar; Prashant Bhushan; Deepak Gautam; Pankaj Kumar; S.P. Shukla; Devendra Mohan
Fresh water is a valuable resource, but the increase in pollution of aquatic ecosystem is a matter of concern. Industries are rapidly budding in India, which discharge their effluents into the water bodies either directly or after treating partially. Pharmaceutical compounds are very important, but at the same time, release toxic contaminants in the environment. Pharmaceutical products impose huge effects on aquatic environment, resulting in acute and chronic damages, reproductive damage, behavioral changes, and inhibition of cell proliferation. The effluents produced from alkaloid processing industries is highly polluted having low pH, high COD, BOD5, sulfate, and TKN values, and a characteristic dark brown color. A number of physical as well as biological processes occurring in aquatic ecological unit may cause reduction of trace concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds. Treatment of wastewater generated from alkaloid processing is a challenging task because of the complex mixture of contaminants. Several methods for the treatment of these wastes, such as anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic treatment with membrane treatment, and aerobic treatment with catalytic wet air oxidation have been reported. Studies have also been conducted on physicochemical treatment in combination with activated sludge process. Membrane processes and Fenton oxidation have also been investigated as a post-treatment method. Membrane technologies are desirable for industrial wastewater treatment as no external addition of chemicals is required. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cyanobacteria in Antarctica: ecology, physiology and cold adaptation.
(2004) K.D. Pandey; S.P. Shukla; P.N. Shukla; D.D. Giri; J.S. Singh; P. Singh; A.K. Kashyap
Cyanobacterial species composition of fresh water and terrestrial ecosystems and chemical environment of water in Schirmacher Oasis in Continental Antarctica was investigated. Over 35 species of cyanobacteria were recorded. Diazotrophic species both heterocystous and unicellular contributed more than half to the count except in lake ecosystem. The species composition varied among the fresh water as well as terrestrial ecosystems. The physico-chemical analyses of water revealed its poor nurient content which might have supported the growth of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in an Antarctic environment. Among the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria, Phormidium and Nostoc commune were the dominant flora in most of the habitats. The physiological characteristics of isolated cyanobacteria strains indicated that N2-fixation, nitrate uptake, nitrate-reduction, ammonium-uptake, GS-transferase activity and photosynthesis was unaffected at low temperature (5 degrees C) which indicated low temperature adaptation for Antarctic cyanobacteria. This phenomenon was not evident in different strains of tropical origin. The temperature optima for N2-fixation for the different Antarctic cyanobacterial strains was in the range of 15-25 degrees C, nearly 10 degrees C lower than their respective reference strains of tropical origin. Similar results were obtained for cyanobacteria-moss association. The low endergonic activation energy exhibited by the above metabolic activities supported the view that cyanobacteria were adapted to Antarctic ecosystem.
Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase of the skeletal muscle of a freshwater catfish
(1987) G. Tripathi; S.P. Shukla
[No abstract available]
Effect of age on the activity of arginase of the liver and kidney cortex of rat
(1969) S.P. Shukla; M.S. Kanungo
The activity of arginase in the homogenates of the liver and the kidney cortex of 6-, 30- and 96-week-old rats was determined to evaluate the efficiency of urea production during ageing. The activity of the liver enzyme was higher at 6 weeks when expressed as units/g wet wt. However, on the basis of both the organ and body weights, highest activity was observed at 30 weeks after which there was no change. The activity of the enzyme of the kidney cortex showed a similar pattern of change as that of the liver. It is suggested that the 6-week-old rat is more efficient in eliminating its ammonia as urea than the old rat. This may be of significance in the ageing process of the rat. © 1969.
Effect of age on the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in different tissues of rat
(1968) S.P. Shukla; M.S. Kanungo
Spectrophotometric determination of the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was made in the liver, brain (cerebral hemisphere), heart, kidney cortex and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) of 4-, 14-, 42-, 63- and 96-week-old female rats. The activity of the enzyme (units/g. wet wt.) was found to increase during the growth period (4-14 weeks) in all the tissues except in skeletal muscle. The activity continued to increase up to 63 weeks in the kidney cortex. The activity at 96 weeks was lower than that at 14 weeks in all the tissues. It is concluded that the decrease in the activity of this enzyme of the hexose monophosphate pathway after 14 weeks may be due to cessation of mitosis in these tissues for which deoxyribose is necessary. © 1968.
Effects of endosulfan on bioenergetic properties of liver-mitochondria from the freshwater catfish clarias batrachus
(1994) Rajnikant Mishra; S.P. Shukla
The effects of a sublethal concentration of an organochlorine pesticide endosulfan on fish liver mitochondrial oxidation of isocitrate and succinate in vivo and in vitro were investigated. Endosulfan depressed the phosphorylation efficiency of mitochondria as inferred from a decrease in RCR and ADP/O ratio with isocitrate; whereas endosulfan at this concentration reduced State 3 rates and RCR with succinate. The CCCP-uncoupled rates and State 4 rates of oxidation with succinate were unaffected. However, endosulfan-treated mitochondria exhibited a low rate of oligomycin-inhibited ADP dependent CCCP stimulation during the oxidation of succinate. The activity of the masked and activated ATPase was significantly increased in the presence of endosulfan. There was also a progressive stimulatory effect of endosulfan on mitochondrial ATPase activity. These results demonstrate that endosulfan exerts an inhibitory effect on electron transport and acts directly on ATP synthetase complex which leads to an impairment in mitochondrial bioenergetics of the fish. © 1994 by Academic Press, Inc.
Effects of endosulfan on bioenergetic properties of skeletal muscle mitochondria from the freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus)
(1995) Rajnikant Mishra; S.P. Shukla
The effects of a sublethal concentration of an organochlorine pesticide endosulfan on fish skeletal muscle mitochondria oxidizing isocitrate and succinate in vivo and in vitro were investigated. The endosulfan depressed significantly State 3 rates and RCR with succinate, whereas it prevented completely the oxidation of isocitrate. The CCCP-uncoupled rates and State 4 rates of succinate oxidation remained unaffected by endosulfan. The activity of masked ATPase was significantly increased in presence of endosulfan. There was a progressive stimulatory effect of endosulfan on mitochondrial ATPase. The skeletal muscle fibres of endosulfan exposed fish undergo ultrastructural changes that are characterized by deformation of the myofibrils and disappearance of mitochondria. Summarizing, it can be stated that endosulfan exerts an inhibitory effect on electron transport and affects ATP synthetase complex leading to an impairment in mitochondrial bioenergetics, which can be correlated with marked ultrastructural alterations in the skeletal muscle fibres of the fish. © 1995.
Endosulfan effects on muscle malate dehydrogenase of the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus
(Academic Press, 2003) Rajnikant Mishra; S.P. Shukla
The effects of a sublethal concentration of an organochlorine pesticide endosulfan were investigated on crude and purified forms of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) in the muscle of the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. Endosulfan treatment reduced significantly the activity and the specific activity of cMDH and mMDH but had no effect on total cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein contents. This indicates a decline in the efficiency of aerobic energy metabolism in endosulfan-treated fish. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two distinct isoforms (C1 and C2) of cMDH and only one form of mMDH. The inhibition produced by endosulfan in vivo was of mixed noncompetitive/uncompetitive type for crude as well as purified cMDH and mMDH. However, in vitro inhibition was of simple noncompetitive and mixed competitive/noncompetitive type for purified cMDH and mMDH, respectively. Citrate was found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of cMDH and mixed noncompetitive/uncompetitve inhibitor of mMDH. The inhibitory patterns were modulated by endosulfan. These results demonstrate inhibitory effects of endosulfan on skeletal muscle MDH of the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus and inhibition effects are mediated through enzyme/substrate/ endosulfan complexing. © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Enzymatic and ultrastructural studies in a freshwater catfish: impact of methyl parathion.
(1990) G. Tripathi; S.P. Shukla
Exposure to a sublethal concentration of methyl parathion (MEP) reduced the activity of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase by 30 to 49% in the liver and the skeletal muscle of the freshwater catfish. Clarias batrachus, after 7 days. The activities then began to recover and reached the control levels on the 28th day of MEP exposure. A complete recovery occurred on the 7th day when MEP was withdrawn from the medium after an exposure for 1 week. The withdrawal-dependent recovery in the activities was inhibited partially or completely by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, suggesting de novo synthesis of the enzymes during the recovery period. A conjoint treatment of MEP and triiodothyronine (T3) restored the activities to control levels, indicating T3 protection against the pesticide toxicity. SDS-PAGE of the cytoplasmic fraction of the liver showed some noticeable changes in the protein pattern after an exposure to MEP. Ultrastructural studies on MEP-treated liver cells showed disappearance of the glycogen granules and appearance of numerous smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomal dense bodies, and swollen mitochondria. These changes in the liver are an indication of hepatic toxicity leading toward necrosis.
Immunochemical detection of serum LDH1: An indigenous method in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction
(1999) Rajnikant Mishra; S.P. Shukla
Immunochemical studies on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were carried out to develop an indigenous immunochemical method for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Heart-specific LDH1 was purified and polyclonal antibody against LDH1 was raised in rabbits. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting identifications show the presence of LDH1 in AMI test samples. Immunochemical detection of LDH1 in human serum may substitute kinetic method of total LDH assay and electrophoretic analysis of LDH1 isozyme in the diagnosis of AMI.
Impact of endosulfan on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial liver malate dehydrogenase from the freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus)
(1997) Rajnikant Mishra; S.P. Shukla
The impact of a sublethal concentration of an organochlorine pesticide endosulfan on the activity, specific activity, electrophoretic patterns and kinetic properties of crude and purified forms of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) was evaluated in the liver of the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus. The endosulfan reduced significantly the activity and the specific activity of cMDH and mMDH, but had no effect on total cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein contents. The inhibition produced by endosulfan was of mixed non- competitive-uncompetitive type (K(i)E > K(i)ES) and of mixed competitive- non-competitive type (K(i)E < K(i)ES) for crude cMDH and mMDH, respectively. The PAGE shows five distinct isoforms (C1 to C5) of cMDH and two isoforms (M1 and M2) of mMDH. The C5-isoform of liver cMDH is predominant and it corresponds to M2-isoform of mMDH. There are no endosulfan-associated differences in the relative charges of crude cMDH and mMDH as well as their purified isoforms, C5-cMDH and M2-mMDH. The relative molecular weights of the purified isoforms are not affected by endosulfan. The purified C5-cMDH and M2-mMDH of endosulfan-treated liver in vivo showed simple non-competitive (K(i)E = K(i)ES) type of inhibition; whereas in vitro it was of uncompetitive (K(i)ES) and mixed competitive-non-competitive (K(i) < K(i)ES) type for the two respective isoforms. G-I-P acts as an uncompetitive (K(i)ES) inhibitor of C5-cMDH and mixed competitive-non-competitive (K(i)E < K(i)ES) inhibitor of M2-mMDH of the control fish. The inhibitory pattern of G-I-P is modulated by endosulfan in case of C5-cMDH; whereas there is no alteration in case of M2- mMDH. Summarizing, it can be stated that endosulfan exerts an inhibitory effect on crude cMDH and mMDH in vivo, and their purified isoforms (C5-cMDH and M2-mMDH) in vivo as well as in vitro. The impact of endosulfan is mediated through enzyme-substrate-endosulfan (ES-END) complexing for cMDH and enzyme-endosulfan (E-END) complexing for mMDH.
Impact of endosulfan on lactate dehydrogenase from the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus
(Academic Press Inc., 1997) Rajnikant Mishra; S.P. Shukla
The impact of a sublethal concentration of an organochlorine insecticide endosulfan on the activity, specific activity, electrophoretic patterns and kinetic properties of crude and purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the liver and the skeletal muscle of the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus, was evaluated. The endosulfan significantly reduced the activity and the specific activity of liver and muscle LDH but had no effect on total protein content. The inhibition of LDH produced by endosulfan was of mixed competitive-noncompetitive (K(i)E < K(i)ES) nature in both the tissues. The PAGE shows the presence of one predominant LDH-specific band in the liver as well as the skeletal muscle. The muscle LDH is more anodic than the liver LDH. There are no endosulfan-associated differences in the relative charges of the crude as well as purified LDH in the two tissues. The relative molecular mass of purified LDH in the liver and the skeletal muscle remains unaltered in response to treatment to endosulfan. The purified LDH, like crude LDH, from the liver and the skeletal muscle in endosulfan-treated fish also shows mixed competitive-noncompetitive (K(i)E < K(i)ES) inhibition. The nature of inhibition in vivo and in vitro appears to be the same. Oxamate acts as a mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibitor of purified LDH from the liver and the skeletal muscle of the control fish. The inhibition pattern of the liver LDH remains unaltered, whereas it is modulated by endosulfan in the case of muscle LDH. These results demonstrate that endosulfan inhibits liver and muscle LDH through enzyme-endosulfan complexing.
Induction of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes by thyroid hormone in a freshwater catfish
(1989) G. Tripathi; S.P. Shukla
The activities of the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the liver and the skeletal muscle of a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus, were studied in response to administration of triiodothyronine (T3). The activities of all the three enzymes in both tissues of the fish exposed to thiouracil for 28 days decreased 2 to 3 times as compared to normal individuals. A single injection of T3 to thiouracil exposed fish produced several fold increase in the activities of these enzymes. The induction of enzymes by T3 in the liver (7 to 9-fold) and the skeletal muscle (5 to 6-fold) was inhibited completely by actinomycin D and cycloheximide indicating T3-induced synthesis of the enzymes.
Influence of low temperature and salinity stress on growth behaviour and pigment composition of Antarctic and tropical isolates of a diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena
(1997) S.P. Shukla; A.K. Mishra; A.K. Kashyap
Specific growth rates and pigment contents, viz. chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin and carotenoids were measured in axenic unialgal cultures of Antarctic and tropical isolates of Anabaena grown at various temperatures and salinity levels (50-300 mM, NaCl). Antarctic isolate exhibited growth at 5°C which was not evident in case of tropical isolate. Moderate salinity (50 mM, NaCl) enhanced the growth of Antarctic isolate whereas growth of tropical isolate was suppressed at all the concentrations of NaCl tested. Unlike tropical isolate an increase in pigment content of Antarctic isolate was observed at 5°C . Data of present study reveal that pigment synthesis and growth is not suppressed in Antarctic isolate of Anabaena at low temperature and moderate salinity stress. It is concluded that Antarctic isolate of Anabaena is much tolerant to low temperature and salinity with respect to its tropical counterpart.
Inhibition of liver and skeletal muscle enzymes by methyl parathion
(1988) G. Tripathi; S.P. Shukla
[No abstract available]
Level of ascorbic acid and its oxidation in the liver of the scorpion, Palamnaeus bengalensis
(Birkhäuser-Verlag, 1969) S.P. Shukla
[No abstract available]
Malate and lactate dehydrogenases of a freshwater catfish: impact of endosulfan.
(1990) G. Tripathi; S.P. Shukla
A sublethal concentration of technical grade endosulfan (END) inhibited 35 to 55% of the activities of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver and the skeletal muscle of a freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus, after 7 days of exposure. The activity remained in the inhibited state up to 28 days. The withdrawal of END from the medium after 1 week of exposure gradually restored the activities to control levels within 21 days in the skeletal muscle and 28 days in the liver. The administration of actinomycin D or cycloheximide between the 14th and the 21st day of the withdrawal of END almost completely inhibited the withdrawal-dependent recovery in the activities of all the three enzymes. This indicates de novo synthesis of the enzymes during the recovery period. A conjoint treatment of END and triiodothyronine (T3) raised the activities of cMDH, mMDH, and LDH in the liver and the skeletal muscle up to the control levels. This shows that the inhibitory effect of END may be relieved in presence of T3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed few changes in the pattern of cytoplasmic proteins of the liver and the skeletal muscle in response to exposure to END.
Metabolic changes in the tissues of young and old mice. Oxygen consumption with different substrates
(1968) S.P. Shukla; M.S. Kanungo
Oxidation of malate, glutamate and arginine by the kidney cortex, brain and heart of 17- and 70-week-old mice were studied manometrically. A higher rate of oxidation of malate in all the three tissues was observed indicating an apparent increase in the activity of malic dehydrogenase in old age. The increased rate of oxidation of glutamate in kidney cortex also shows an increase in the activity of glutamic dehydrogenase in this tissue. There was no noticeable change in the oxidation of glutamate by the brain of young and old mice. © 1968.