2009
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PublicationArticle Biodeterioration of some herbal raw materials by storage fungi and aflatoxin and assessment of Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil and its components as antifungal(2009) Ashok Kumar; Ravindra Shukla; Priyanka Singh; Nawal Kishore DubeyDeterioration of raw materials of six medicinal plants viz. Terminalia arjuna, Acorus calamus, Rauvolfia serpentina, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Withania somnifera and Boerhaavia diffusa was examined. Some of the contaminated raw materials were found to be deteriorated by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and contain aflatoxin B1 (41.0-95.4 μg kg-1) which is above the permissible limit. Essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus and its components was found efficient in checking fungal growth and aflatoxin production. C. flexuosus essential oil absolutely inhibited the growth of A. flavus and aflatoxin B1 production at 1.3 μl ml-1 and 1.0 μl ml-1 respectively. The individual oil components were more efficacious than the Cymbopogon oil as such which emphasizes masking of their efficacy when combined together. Eugenol exhibited potent antifungal and aflatoxin inhibitory activity at 0.3 μl ml-1 and 0.1 μl ml-1 respectively. Eugenol was found superior over some prevalent synthetic antimicrobials and exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against some biodeteriorating moulds. Prospects of exploitation of the oil and its components as acceptable plant based antimicrobials in qualitative as well as quantitative control of biodeterioration of herbal raw materials have been discussed. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.PublicationArticle Efficacy of Acorus calamus L. leaves and rhizome on mortality and reproduction of Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)(2009) Ravindra Shukla; Ashok Kumar; Chandra Shekhar Prasad; Bhawana Srivastava; Nawal Kishore DubeyLaboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the bioefficacy of sweet flag (Acorus calamus) against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis, which infests stored chick pea seeds. Dried powders of the leaf and rhizome as well as their extracts in methanol (ME) and petroleum ether (PEE) were evaluated as bio-insecticides against the beetle. Rhizome powder (5 mg/g seed) was found to be more efficacious, causing 100% mortality, than leaf powder (20 mg/g seed), showing 91.1% mortality. Rhizome powders also showed 100% ovicidal activity and thus completely inhibited F1 emergence at a lower dose than that of leaf powders. The ME and PEE of leaves and rhizome showed 12 to 100% mortality. The percentage of egg laying decreased from 12.8 to 100 with increasing doses of powders and extracts. No F1 adult emerged at 0.3-0.4mg/g ME of leaves and rhizome and PEE of rhizome. In six-month field trials, all treatments at laboratory doses proved efficacious (75-98%) over organophosphate insecticide malathion (74.4%) in terms of feeding deterrence. Powder- and extract-treated chick pea seeds did not lose their viability and germinated at 100%, similar to control seeds. It was concluded that leaf and rhizome powders and their solvent extracts showed significant mortality, and inhibition of egg laying and F1 emergence of C. chinensis at varying concentrations. Hence, the leaves and rhizome of A. calamus may be recommended as admixtures in the integrated management of beetle infestation of pulse seeds during storage.PublicationArticle Efficacy of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil and its monoterpene aldehyde constituents against fungi isolated from some edible legume seeds and aflatoxin B1 production(2009) Ravindra Shukla; Ashok Kumar; Priyanka Singh; Nawal Kishore DubeyThe present study deals with evaluation of antifungal properties of Lippia alba essential oil (EO) and two of its monoterpene aldehyde constituents against legume-contaminating fungi. Seventeen different fungal species were isolated from 11 varieties of legumes, and aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus were identified. Hydrodistillation method was used to extract the EO from fresh leaves. The GC and GC-MS analysis of EO revealed the monoterpene aldehydes viz. geranial (22.2%) and neral (14.2%) as the major components. The antifungal activity of EO, geranial and neral was evaluated by contact assay on Czapek's-dox agar. The EO (0.25-1 μL/mL) and its two constituents (1 μL/mL) showed remarkable antifungal effects against all the fungal isolates (growth inhibition range 32.1-100%). Their minimal inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations for A. flavus were lower than those of the systemic fungicide Bavistin. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by three isolates of A. flavus was strongly inhibited even at the lower fungistatic concentration of EO and its constituents. There was no adverse effect of treatments on seed germination, and rather, there was enhanced seedling growth in the EO-treated seeds. It is concluded that L. alba EO and two of its constituents could be safely used as effective preservative for food legumes against fungal infections and mycotoxins. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.PublicationArticle Efficacy of Artabotrys odoratissimus oil as a plant based antimicrobial against storage fungi and aflatoxin B1 secretion(2009) Bhawana Srivastava; Priyanka Singh; Anjil Kumar Srivastava; Ravindra Shukla; Nawal Kishore DubeyThe essential oil of Artabotrys odoratissimus R.Br. was evaluated for antifungal activity against some storage fungi causing contamination of food stuffs. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the oil was found to be 750 μL L-1 against Aspergillus flavus Link. It was found superior over different prevalent synthetic fungicides which inhibited the growth of A. flavus between 1000-5000 μL L-1. The oil exhibited broad fungitoxic spectrum against fourteen different storage fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus was inhibited at 1000 μL L-1 whereas Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium oryzae, Macrophomina phaseolina, Microsporum gypseum, Mucor racemosus, Penicillium italicum, Pythium debaryanum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride at 500 μL L-1. Aspergillus niger was found to be inhibited only 84.9% at 1000 μL L-1. In addition, the oil showed significant efficacy in arresting aflatoxin B1 secretion by the toxigenic strain (Navjot 4NSt) of A. flavus at 750 μL L-1. The efficacy of A. odoratissimus oil as aflatoxin suppressor is being reported for the first time. © 2009 Institute of Food Science and Technology.