2025
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PublicationArticle Improvement of soil quality through biochar in rice under wastewater irrigated soil: Effects on heavy metals reduction(OICC Press, 2025) Sayon Mukherjee; Satish Kumar Singh; Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta; Abhik Patra; S. S. JatavPurpose: Rice, a global staple, can accumulate high levels of heavy metals especially Chromium (Cr) when grown in a soil irrigated with tannery effluent over time, potentially reaching toxic levels for human consumption. Biochar offers a cost-effective solution by binding these heavy metals in soil, reducing their bioavailability and mitigating health risks. The present study offers a two-way solution of reducing weed load of agricultural fields through parthenium biochar preparation and its application in Cr contaminated soil with aim of its lower accumulation in the edible part of the crop. Method: The investigation consists of ten treatments in completely randomized design with three replications using simple and concentrated H3PO4 and 1 M FeCl3 modified biochar at graded dose and one biochar untreated control. All treatments receive a recommended dose of NPK fertilizers. Results: Our study shows that biochar produced from parthenium can reduce uptake of heavy metals in the plant body. Moreover, modification of biochar by H3PO4 and FeCl3 hastened the metal fixation and further reduced the metals accumulation in different parts of plant body depicted by lowering translocation factor (TF) along with translocation coefficient (TC). Conclusion: Overall, application of biochar is proven to reduce the metals accumulation in rice plant parts and grains rendering it a good amendment. © 2025 The Author(s).PublicationBook Chapter Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal from Water and Wastewater(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Dibyajyoti Panda; Abhik Patra; Sayon Mukherjee; Sabyasachi Koley; Yogendra MeenaWater is the most important natural resource on Earth for human development and all living beings’ existence. Urbanization and industrialization are the main causes of the sharp rise in water consumption. In the twenty-first century, water pollution due to heavy metals is a serious environmental issue. Though heavy metals are present at the trace level in the natural environment, due to biomagnification and bioaccumulation phenomena, they show hazardous effects on the environment and human beings. Due to the rise in the global population, discharges of contaminated waste from industrial, agricultural, and domestic had increased manifolds and ultimately they reach the water sources. In many instances, the removal efficiencies of conventional treatment procedures are insufficient. On the other hand, a newly created sophisticated treatment method, nanotechnology, has widespread applicability in various fields of research and it is paving the way to find suitable methods for the treatment of wastewater. Nanomaterials are biodegradable, have a high specific surface area, play a key role in polar and nonpolar chemistry, have high adsorption capacity, and have controlled and tunable size making them suitable candidates for remediation of water. In this chapter, nanomaterials of carbon-based nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, and fullerenes) and non-carbon origins such as nanoparticles of double-layered hydroxides, nanomaterials of metal oxide origin (Fe, Al, Ti, Mg, and Mn,), nanoclay (Kaolin, montmorillonite and zeolite), dendrimers, nanomaterials based on zero-valent metal (Fe, Ag, and Au) and silica nanomaterials benefits, drawbacks, and efficiency were discussed. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.PublicationArticle Parthenium Biochar Reduces chromium-induced Oxidative Stress in Rice Plant (Oryza Sativa L.) Grown in Industrial Effluent Irrigated Soil(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Sayon Mukherjee; Satish Kumar Singh; Dibyendu Chatterjee; Md Afjal Ahmad; Abhik Patra; Madhurya RayPurpose: Substantial chromium (Cr) accumulation in rice plants hinders its growth, cultivated in high Cr-containing submerged soils irrigated with industrial tannery effluents. The redox-active nature of Cr creates oxidative stress in plants through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malonaldehyde (MDA) production, which leads to increased anti-oxidative enzymes activity to combat the oxidative damage through scavenging the excess H2O2 produced. Biochar, especially acid-modified biochar application to soil helps in reducing metal accumulation in plant body, thereby decrease oxidative stress. Methods: To accomplish this hypothesis, pot experiment in Cr contaminated soil was conducted taking rice as test crop with three different types of Parthenium biochar (unmodified, iron-modified and phosphoric acid-modified) at three different dosages (5, 7.5 and 10 t ha− 1) and a control in completely randomized design during July to November, 2022. Plant height, tiller number, greenness index, the N, P, K, S, Cr concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities in plant leaves were quantified to study the effect of biochar and acid-modified biochar on crop. Results: The results showed a decrease in Cr accumulation and a subsequent decrease of H2O2, malonaldehyde (~ 52% over control) content and antioxidative enzymatic activity (especially superoxide dismutase by ~ 59%) with increasing dose of biochar and modified biochar application. Among the three types of biochar, phosphoric acid-modified biochar performed better than other types especially at higher dose of 10 t ha− 1, which reduced Cr accumulation in leaves by 26.4% followed by iron-modified biochar (dose 10 t ha− 1) by 23.8% over control. This reduction in Cr toxicity enhanced plant height, tiller number, greenness index (by ~ 12%, 40% and 18%, respectively over control) and higher concentration of essential nutrients (N, P, K, S) in plant leaves of the biochar treated pots. Conclusion: The application of biochar can be an effective strategy to reduce the toxic accumulation of Cr thereby reduce the antioxidant enzyme activities while improving plant growth parameters and N, P, K and S accumulation in the leaves of a 75 days old rice seedlings. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2025.PublicationArticle Improvement of rhizospheric biological activity as a residual impact of parthenium biochar application in heavy metal contaminated inceptisol of India(Springer, 2025) Sayon Mukherjee; Satish Kumar Singh; Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta; Juan Manuel Trujillo-González; Abhik PatraGlobally speaking, the addition of biochar to the soil has, among other objectives, the aim of reducing the toxicity of metals by decreasing their mobility and bioavailability, which will ultimately result in slowing metal uptake by plants. With this idea, our study focuses on the effect of biochar promoting microbial growth rendering the heavy metals (HMs) unavailable to plants or microorganisms in contaminated site. In our pot experiment, we collected HMs contaminated soil from farmers’ field, usually irrigated with treated tannery effluent located in Kanpur city, India’s tannery hub. Soil was collected from the rhizosphere zone of mustard plant. Mustard was grown after rice cultivation to observe the residual impact of biochar application. The primary objective of the study was to compare the residual effect of unmodified parthenium biochar (UM-B) along with two types of modification of it, H3PO4-modified biochar (H3PO4-B) and FeCl3-modified biochar (FeCl3-B), in reducing HMs bioavailability as well as promoting soil biological properties at the graded application dose of 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha− 1, with one control treatment consisting a total of 10 treatments in completely randomized design. Results revealed the residual impact of H3PO4-B at 10 t ha− 1 increased the bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi population by ~ 2 times over control. Besides this, soil enzymatic activities were also enhanced. The dehydrogenase and urease activity were increased by 108% and 63% respectively, in H3PO4-B at 10 t ha− 1 treatment over the control. Besides this, we also noted a revamp in microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen. The performance of UM-B at higher application dose was comparable to the modified biochars of lower dose. Thus, our study confirms a positive residual impact of biochar application on soil biological properties and nutrient availability of soil besides reducing DTPA-extractable HM content. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Environmental Sustainability 2025.