2025

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Climate Change Impact on Flood Frequencies Using Geospatial Modeling
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Kanhu Charan Panda; Ramesh Mandir Singh; Pradosh Kumar Paramaguru; Uday Pratap Singh; Sudhir Kumar Mishra; Gaurav Singh Vishen
It is anticipated that climate change will significantly affect flood frequencies, with more frequent and intense floods likely to occur in many parts of the world. Geospatial modeling can be used to assess possible effects of climate change on flooding frequencies, providing valuable information for flood risk management and adaptation planning. The chapter depicts the current state of knowledge on the use of geospatial modeling to assess the climate change impact on flood frequencies. It discusses the key mechanisms through which climate change can affect floods, the range of geospatial modeling approaches that can be used to assess the impact of climate change on flood frequencies, and the challenges and limitations of using geospatial modeling for this purpose. A case study was included in the chapter to demonstrate the use of advanced geospatial technique to access the impact of climate change on flood frequencies. The chapter concludes by discussing the future directions for research on the use of geospatial modeling to assess the climate change impact on flood frequencies. This includes the development of more sophisticated modeling approaches, the use of ensemble modeling to account for uncertainty, and the integration of geospatial modeling with other risk assessment tools. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
The multifaceted role of zeolites in modern agriculture and environmental management
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2025) Sayantika Sarkar; Pravin Kumar Upadhyay; Tarik Mitran; Sanjay Singh Rathore; Rajiv Kumar Singh; Kapila A. Shekhawat; Subhash N.Sudhakara Babu; Sudhir Kumar Rajput; Manojit Chowdhury; Anjali Patel; Aman Singh; Vinod Kumar Singh
With global food security central to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), a growing population and shrinking resources are intensifying pressure on agriculture. To sustain productivity amidst declining soil fertility, biodiversity loss, increasing pest and disease incidences, and environmental degradation, agricultural science must refine technologies and adopt a sustainable approach that balances innovation with responsible resource use. Additionally, agriculture significantly contributes to climate change, accounting for a notable share of global greenhouse gas emissions. Zeolites, a group of versatile crystalline aluminosilicates, offer a promising solution to these challenges. Their properties as ion exchangers, water absorbers, and slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers can enhance agricultural sustainability. Zeolites can improve nitrogen use efficiency, enhance soil structure, and mitigate saline soil conditions by retaining nutrients and water and releasing them slowly to plants. This reduces the need for chemical fertilizers and improves resource use efficiency. However, the widespread use of zeolites in agriculture requires careful consideration. Mapping zeolite deposits is essential for sustainable extraction and use. Potential risks such as toxic surfactant leaching must be evaluated to prevent environmental contamination. Comprehensive field experiments are necessary to understand the long-term effects of zeolite application on soil health, microorganisms, and fauna in the rhizosphere. In conclusion, zeolites hold significant promise in promoting sustainable agricultural practices by improving soil health, enhancing nutrient use efficiency, and mitigating environmental impacts. Rigorous research is needed to ensure their safety and efficacy, integrating zeolites into agricultural systems for sustainable productivity and to address the challenges of traditional intensive farming. © 2025 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Exploring Gendered Dimensions of Climate-smart Agriculture for Food Security in the Global South: A Systematic Literature Review
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025) Neelam Singh; Dibakar Sahoo; Prasanta Moharaj
Agricultural communities in the Global SouthGlobal south are disproportionately vulnerable to climate changeClimate change due to their reliance on climate-sensitive agricultural livelihood. These vulnerabilitiesVulnerability threaten food securityFood security and necessitate transformative approaches to building resilience in agricultural systemsClimate-smart agriculture. Climate-smart agricultureAgriculture (CSA) practices have emerged as pivotal interventions, offering pathways to mitigate production risks, enhance food securityFood security, and foster sustainable farming practices. However, the adoption of CSA practices is significantly shaped by gendered disparities, with systemic inequalitiesInequality heightening womenWomen’s exposure to climate risks. Based on a systematic review of the literature and bibliometric analysis, the findings of this study reveal pronounced genderGender disparities in the adoption of CSA practices. Male farmers demonstrate a higher propensity for adopting resource-intensive practices such as soil and irrigation management, whereas female farmers predominantly engage with seed selection and fertilizer application, reflecting their constrained access to capital and inputs. Structural barriers, including financial limitations, restricted access to agricultural resources, educational inequalitiesInequality, and the disproportionate burden of domestic responsibilities, significantly hinder womenWomen’s capacity to adopt advanced CSA practices. Conversely, enabling factors such as increased age and greater empowermentEmpowerment in agricultural decision-making emerge as critical drivers thatWomen empowerment enhance womenWomen's participation in CSA adoption, offering pathways to reduce genderGender inequities and foster resilienceWoman resilience in agricultural systems. This study emphasizes the critical need for genderGender-sensitive CSA policies to foster inclusive climate adaptationAdaptation, directly contributing to SDGsSustainable Development Goals (SDG) 5 (Gender EqualityGender equality), 13 (Climate ActionClimate action), and 2 (Zero Hunger) by offering actionable recommendations that align agricultural innovation with genderGender equity, climate resilience, and food securityFood security goals in the Global SouthGlobal south. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
A Study of Small and Medium-Sized Towns of Eastern Uttar Pradesh in the Context of Climate Change Implications, Environment and Sustainability Challenges
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Ankit Kumar Gupta; Kapil Kumar Gavsker; Vimal Kumar Lahari
The different regions of the world are grappling with disaster adaptation and prevention as climate change fuels extreme weather occurrences exacerbates natural catastrophes and human health implications. Cities and towns are being included in adaptation efforts and planning process. Western large cities have made the most practical advances in climate adaptation so far, with small and medium-sized communities trailing behind. The public and communities of small and medium-sized towns face institutional and political impediments to advancing adaptation programs. This is important to their long-term viability given their limited capabilities and resources. Regional implications of climate change are inevitable and spatially variable. Climate change presents considerable sustainability difficulties for small and medium-sized towns in the Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. The towns, which are critical to regional growth, are being affected by rising air temperatures, erratic rainfalls, water related problems and more frequent extreme weather events. Climate change is seen as it exacerbates existing vulnerabilities such as inadequate infrastructure, weak governance, lack of urban design and threatening socio-economic sustainability. The social and economic resilience is also crucial in dealing with natural catastrophes. The present research paper analyses geo-climate conditions of select two small and medium-sized urban centers (Tanda and Padrauna towns) of eastern region of Uttar Pradesh, their social organization, levels of basic amenities, and public health infrastructure. In order to respond to impacts associated with climate change, the study highlights the urgent need for sustainable measures such as integrated urban design, improved urban resource management, urban governance and the use of geospatial technologies. Study further explores avenues to enhance sustainable development practices and urban resilience. Study assumes that small and medium-sized towns be governed and managed in such a way so as to raise their quality of life, livability and physical infrastructure, amenities to promote climate-resilient urban society, sustainable growth and urban livability. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
Exploring Local Scale Climatic Variability in West Rapti River Basin, Nepal
(Springer, 2025) Shiva Kant Dube; Narendra Kumar Rana; Lucky Sharma
Climate changes are inevitable, underscored by a growing populace and the concurrent expansion of infrastructure. The consequences extend from the local scale to the global necessitating a thorough investigation of local scale variation to devise appropriate measures. Therefore, this study is undertaken to scrutinize climatic variability within the West Rapti River Basin (WRRB) in Nepal for a forty-two-year period of 1981–2022. The spatio-temporal variation in mean monthly temperature and annual precipitation (as crucial parameters of climate) is studied annually, seasonally and monthly using the homogeneity test and trend analysis. The results are produced station wise and then reproduced in the map form for the WRRB. The findings indicate a notable rise of 2.7 mm per year in precipitation alongside a slight descend of 0.09 °C per year in temperature. The annual variation remarkably shows a significantly positive trend for precipitation, while temperature portrays a negative trend. The pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons show negative trends with acceptable significance in case of temperature whereas considering precipitation all seasons except winter show a substantially positive trend. Despite a decreasing trend in temperature, January and December display a positive change in trend contrasted by a negative trend in precipitation for the same months. The sub-basins lying in the eastern side exhibit high variability in case of precipitation, whereas the variability is high in sub-basins on the western side in case of temperature. This study revealed that the mean monthly temperature and annual precipitation trend is quite opposite to that of the global. This local scale variation has a significant impact on the livelihood of indigenous people, water resource management, and their adaptation strategies. Consequently, this study’s insights are pivotal for informing climate policy formulation in a Nepal’s context emphasizing the need for a tailored regulatory framework to address the region’s distinct climate change. © Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2025.
Impact of heat stress on milk production
(Elsevier, 2025) Vipin Maurya; Deepjyoti Roy
Heat stress in dairy cows has been shown to have a significant impact on milk production. Understanding the impact of heat stress on dairy cows and implementing proactive measures to address it is essential for maintaining optimal milk production and overall herd health. When cows experience heat stress, their feed intake decreases, and the metabolic processes that support milk production are disrupted. This leads to a decrease in milk yields and overall production efficiency. In addition, heat stress can also affect the quality of the milk, leading to higher somatic cell counts and decreased fat and protein content. The dairy industry needs to recognize and address the negative effects of heat stress on milk production to mitigate its impact. Dairy farmers need to implement strategies to mitigate the effects of heat stress on their cows. This can include providing ample access to shade, ensuring proper ventilation in barns, and optimizing cooling systems. Additionally, adjusting feeding schedules and formulations to account for the decreased feed intake during periods of heat stress can help support milk production. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Rising CO2, thriving plants: unraveling growth mechanisms and adaptive strategies
(Elsevier, 2025) Ashish Kumar Mishra; Shivani Gupta; Shailza Mishra; Parvati Madheshiya; Gereraj Sen Gupta; Supriya P. Tiwari
The unceasing escalation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations exerts far-reaching impacts on the plant growth and ecosystem dynamics. This chapter delves into the intricate mechanisms by which elevated CO₂ modulates plant physiology, metabolism, and morphology, highlighting its dual role as a catalyst for growth and a mediator of stress responses. The enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation under elevated CO₂ drive accelerated biomass accumulation. However, these benefits are frequently offset by the trade-offs in nutrient allocation and compromised stress tolerance. By examining key processes such as photosynthetic pathways, hormonal regulation, source-sink dynamics, and secondary metabolism, this chapter provides an integrative perspective on plant adaptation to elevated CO₂ conditions. Moreover, the interplay between elevated CO₂ and environmental stressors, including nutrient limitations, ozone toxicity, and water scarcity, underscores the complexity of plant-environment interactions in a shifting climate. Advances in experimental methodologies, such as free-air CO₂ enrichment systems and multiomics approaches, have yielded transformative insights into plant responses. Concurrently, predictive modeling serves as a cornerstone for devising sustainable agricultural strategies under future climate scenarios. Despite significant progress, critical knowledge gaps persist, necessitating interdisciplinary research to unravel the multifaceted challenges posed by the rising atmospheric CO₂ and its synergistic interactions with other climatic stressors. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Climate change and secondary metabolism in plants: resilience to disruption
(Elsevier, 2025) Priyanka K. Singh; Prince Kumar Singh; Umesh Kumar; Saumya Mishra; Parvati Madheshiya; Rahul Prasad Singh; Rajesh Kumar Sharma; Indrajeet Kumar
Global ecosystems are facing serious challenges as a result of climate change, which is upsetting ecological equilibrium and changing biological processes. As main producers, plants are most impacted by these changes, which calls for a better comprehension of how resilient and adaptable they are to climate stressors. Plant metabolism can be greatly impacted by a variety of climatic stressors, which can either promote or inhibit the synthesis of secondary metabolites (SMs). Although these substances are crucial for plant defense and acclimatization, little is known about how they will react to climate change. It is becoming more and more important to comprehend how climate change regulates plant secondary metabolism as its consequences worsen. Research continues to investigate the influence of various climate change factors, including elevated temperatures, increased carbon dioxide levels, drought conditions, enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, and their interactions, with SMs such as phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids, with growing evidence shedding light on these complex dynamics. This chapter also provides an overview of the impact of climate-induced stress on SM production, including shifts in metabolic pathways, epigenetic modifications, and interactions with symbiotic organisms. Furthermore, it delves into the mechanisms underlying plant adaptability, such as metabolic flexibility and cross-talk between pathways, which allow plants to mitigate the adverse effects of climatic disruptions. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of climate change and resilience mechanisms in plants under climatic stress. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact of climate change on plant productivity and ecosystem sustainability: challenges and solutions
(Elsevier, 2025) Saumya Mishra; Prince Kumar Singh; Umesh Kumar; Priyanka K. Singh; Indrajeet Kumar; Rajesh Kumar Sharma
Climate change indeed can be termed as one of the most important challenges people face nowadays with vast influence on plant productivity and environmental sustainability. An intensive account of multifaceted aspects of climate change by briefly describing some key drivers associated with greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and increased frequencies of extreme climate. Here, it is underlined how the understanding of these phenomena can help in addressing their cascading effects on global ecosystems and agricultural systems. The climate changes influence plant productivity in a very complex manner. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns influence plant growth, crop yields, and food security. This further adds to increasing pest and disease prevalence with stress on natural resources and ultimately challenges the resilience of agriculture and natural ecosystems. Further details on impacts regarding biodiversity are discussed by highlighting species extinctions across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. However, special focus is on aspects like ocean acidification and habitat transformations, which speak of vulnerability at the ecosystem level against climatic change. The chapter considers mitigation and adaptation strategies from high-tech innovations to sustainable farming practices and then large-scale policy initiatives for dealing with the above imperatives. A mix of case studies is used to illustrate examples of real-world interventions that have been executed in other parts of the globe, critically appraising how governance may benefit the implementation of climate-resilient policies. This chapter provides a glimpse of what the future may be if such emerging solutions continue in their implementation: carbon capture technology, reforestation schemes, and international cooperation on climate change. By combining scientific knowledge with practical actions, this chapter helps readers gain the information and tools to contribute to a sustainable and resilient future. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Speed breeding for breeding the resistant or tolerant crops
(Elsevier, 2025) Anil Kumar Singh; Shatrudhan Kumar Choudhary; Reena Kumari; Aayushma Budha Chhetri; Mandip Sharma
Speed breeding is a modern technology that shortens the breeding cycle by producing multiple generations of crops per year under a controlled and modified crop growth environment, thereby reducing the time required for development and releasing a climate-resilient cultivar. Environmental parameters, particularly temperature and light are altered to promote early flowering and shorten the generation time. Further, growing underdeveloped seeds will accelerate the breeding cycle. This technique provides an advantage to achieve up to 6 generations/year for spring wheat, spring wheat, barley, rice, pea, and chickpea and also 4 generations/year for canola (Brassica napus), instead of 2-3 generations/year in glasshouse conditions. Apart from being faster, speed breeding allows for the creation of future environments expected to occur due to climate change as well as a better knowledge of crop responses in the near future. Rapid generation advancement via speed breeding, combined with innovative techniques like gene editing, rapid population development, high throughput phenotyping, and so on may improve the efficiency of genetic gain, and accelerate the development of biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant crop cultivars. Crop improvement advances must be enhanced in order to meet rising food and nutrition needs. It is an efficient and practical method for producing superior cultivars quickly. Many aficionados may be put off by the expenses, but there are less expensive options to consider. Integrating artificial intelligence with speed breeding increases its value in agricultural development programs. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2025

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