Browsing by Author "Kumar, Jitendra"
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Publication Bioactive potential evaluation and purification of compounds from an endophytic fungus Diaporthe longicolla, a resident of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd.(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Nishad, Jay Hind; Singh, Arti; Gautam, Veer Singh; Kumari, Puja; Kumar, Jitendra; Yadav, Monika; Kharwar, Ravindra NathAn endophytic fungus (L3), isolated from the leaf tissues of Saraca asoca was identified as D. longicolla by microscopic and molecular methods. The crude extracts of D. longicolla revealed to harbor seven compounds in GC�MS analysis which was subjected to a thin layer chromatography (TLC) for purification and separation of bioactive ingredients. The partially purified fraction from TLC displayed the presence of 2-tridecene (Z) (RT-14.50), 5-tridecene (E) (RT-16.65) and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (RT-13.92) in GC�MS. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to further purify the constituents which led to the collection of 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol (RT-2.34) with excellent antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity against methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). � 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Publication Comparison between all-on-four and all-on-six treatment concepts on stress distribution for full-mouth rehabilitation using three-dimensional finite element analysis: A biomechanical study(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2023) Pandey, Aishwarya; Durrani, Farhan; Rai, Sanjay Kumar; Singh, Nishant Kumar; Singh, Preeti; Verma, Rati; Kumar, JitendraPurpose: The current study intended to provide a comparison of biomechanical behaviors of two different treatment concepts for full-mouth rehabilitation with dental implants placed according to the 'All-on-four' concept and 'All-on-six' concept with analysis of the stress patterns of the implant support system using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and Methods: The edentulous mandible was treated with two different implant designs. 'All-on-Four' implant placement concept was used in Model 1 with two central axial implants and two distally tilted implants at 17� and in Model 2, 'All-on-Six' concept was applied with six vertically placed implants. Individual vertical and horizontal load of 100 N and oblique load of 141 N at 45� was applied to all implants. To evaluate and compare the results in terms of maximum principal stress, we used FEA. Results: All-on-six showed smaller maximum principal stress values on the cortical bone and implants. However, maximum principal stress values obtained on trabecular bone was smaller in the All-on-four design for vertical and horizontal loading conditions. Conclusions: The All-on-six approach showed more favorable biomechanical behavior. � 2023 Indian Society of Periodontology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.Publication Competing risk analysis of lifetime data using inverse maxwell distribution(DAV College, 2021) Kishan, Ram; Yadav, C.P.; Kumar, Jitendra; Bisht, Sachin SinghThe concept of competing risk arises in studies where failure of a system occurs due to one among several mutually exclusive causes. In this article, we consider the case when the lifetime of an individual or a component follows an inverse Maxwell distribution. In classical approach, we obtained the point, asymptotic confidence interval and boot-p interval estimation of the parameters of inverse Maxwell distribution. We also applied Bayesian approach under square error loss function to obtain point and highest posterior density interval estimation. For illustration, simulation result is established. Finally two real data sets are analyzed in support of study. � 2021 DAV College. All rights reserved.Publication Genetic variation, heritability, genetic advance, micronutrients, and grain morphology trait associations in EMS induced mutant lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Kumar, Jitendra; Kumar, Ashish; Mishra, Ankita; Mishra, Vinod Kumar; Roy, JoyMicronutrients especially iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are essential for human health, whose deficiency is a global concern. The direct intake of Fe and Zn can be adapted via, enhancing the concentration of the same in cereals such as wheat. The genetic control of Fe and Zn contents is complex in nature and hence, understanding the variability, heritability and genetic advance are important parameters for breeding and selection. In this study a set of more than 1200 EMS mutant wheat lines were raised in an augmented block design�in environment1. These lines showed high variation for grain�Fe (23.90�55.50�ppm) and Zn (19.9�62.6�ppm) content. A subset of 180 mutant lines were selected on the basis of micronutrient content which later sown in multi-environments. The selected lines showed wide variation for both the micronutrients (Fe; 26.52�49.90/26.20�48.70 and Zn; 23.08�46.5/24.20�45.80�ppm in environment2/3�and also in grain morphology traits. The coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 5.82 (1000 grain weight; TGW) to 21.31 (factor form density; FFD). Phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation were low for TGW and high for FFD. Broad sense heritability (H2)�was greater than 60% for all traits studied whereas genetic advance as a percent of mean (GAM) ranged from low (18.11) in grain perimeter length (GPL) to high (34.57) in FFD. The grain iron (GFeC) and zinc (GZnC) contents were positively correlated to each other and negatively correlated with grain area size (GAS), grain length (GL) and TGW using BLUP value for each trait. High heritability and GAM indicated the presence of additive genes controlling the trait. The lines with higher grain Fe/Zn contents along with grain trait could be dynamic components of functional foods and improved food nutritional quality. The data generated in the study provide useful resources for its deployment in�wheat breeding programme. � 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.Publication Green synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological studies of quercetin complexes with Zn (II) acetate and N^N Moiety(Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2021) Srivastava, Tanu; Mishra, S.K.; Tiwari, O.P.; Tiwari, Kavindra Nath; Kumar, Pradeep; Kumar, Jitendra; Singh, Amit Kumar; Singh, Angaraj; Dwivedi, AshutoshGreen synthesis of two coordination complexes of zinc acetate with N^N moiety on quercetin, which is a flavonoid is carried out. The complexes were obtained in high yields (> 97%) by grinding methods without the involvement of any solvent. Neither catalyst nor any additives were needed to perform the reactions. It was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR, HRMS, and elemental analysis. Antioxidant activity was done through the DPPH method which was compared with ascorbic acid and ligand (Quercetin). The study reveals that Complex 1 (IC50 163.093�g/ml) has significant free radical scavenging activity as compared to complex 2 (IC50 258.683�g/ml). Biological activity was performed against microbes (E. coli and S. aureus). MIC value of complex 1 (15.50�g/ml E. coli, 7.18�g/ml S. aureus) was found more significant as compared to complex 2 (22.51�g/ml E. coli, 18.62�g/ml S. aureus) and quercetin. � RJPT All right reserved.Publication Isolation and functional characterization of a fungal plant symbiont Nigrospora sphaerica, associated to Euphorbia hirta L.(Springer, 2022) Gautam, Veer Singh; Nishad, Jay Hind; Kumari, Puja; Singh, Arti; Verma, Satish Kumar; Sharma, Vijay Kumar; Kumar, Jitendra; Kharwar, Ravindra NathThe endophytic fungi are the endosymbiont which play important role in improving host plant fitness and source of plethora of bioactive molecules. Present study includes the assessment of antimicrobial activity, phytochemical analysis and enzymes activity of fungal endophyte EHL2, isolated from leaf tissues of an Indian medicinal plant Euphorbia hirta L. The fungus exhibited the antibacterial and antifungal activities against a broad range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the isolation and characterization of endophytic fungus�Nigrospora sphaerica (EHL2) recovered from�E. hirta L. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude extract against pathogenic bacteria ranged from 0.45 to 3.14�mg/ml. For antifungal ativity of fungus, the highest percentage of inhibition was observed against Colletotrichum sp. (33.78%) while, minimum activity was noticed against Alternaria solani (16.60%). Preliminary mycochemical analysis revealed the positive tests for alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids. The results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of crude extracts were 78.11 � 0.04�mg GAE/g and 235.94 � 3.06�mg RE/g, respectively. Furthermore, the fungus also produced amylase, cellulase, protease and laccase enzymes. In conclusion, these positive results of mycochemicals and enzymes activity displayed by N. sphaerica of E. hirta provide an opportunity which could be exploited for host protection against pathogens and enzyme production. � 2022, Indian Phytopathological Society.Publication Isolation and purification of bioactive metabolites from an endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum of Azadirachta indica(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Kumari, Puja; Singh, Arti; Singh, Dheeraj K.; Sharma, Vijay K.; Kumar, Jitendra; Gupta, Vijai Kumar; Bhattacharya, S.; Kharwar, R.N.Endophytic fungi are the plant symbiont with highly diverse nature and poorly defined ecological importance in host fitness. Although there are the reports on the isolation and characterization of fungal endophytes from a variety of hosts, there is still no report of Penicillium citrinum from Azadirachta indica. In this study, an endophytic P. citrinum was isolated from A. indica. The purified fraction of secondary metabolites was characterized by combining TLC, GC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses. The TLC purified fraction was identified as milbemycin. The pure fraction did not show any antioxidant activity while crude extract showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition capacity; IC50 = 52.13 ?g ml?1). The secondary metabolites displayed significant antimicrobial activity against human's pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The inhibition zones between 15 and 20 mm were recorded against Gram +ve Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Gram�ve Aeromonas hydrophila, while maximum inhibition of 29 mm was observed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. P. citrinum can be a promising fungus that has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may provide future insight towards the production of bioactive compounds. � 2021 SAABPublication Melatonin ameliorates Bisphenol S induced testicular damages by modulating Nrf-2/HO-1 and SIRT-1/FOXO-1 expressions(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Kumar, Jitendra; Verma, Rakesh; Haldar, ChandanaBPS has detrimental effects on human reproductive health and emerged as an environmental contaminant for global health concern. This study deals with the adverse impact of BPS exposure on testicular oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in adult male golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus and its amelioration by melatonin. BPS (75 mg/kg BW/day) exposure caused testicular impairment as evident by histological degenerative changes, declined sperm quality (viability and motility), serum levels of testosterone and melatonin with a concomitant decrease in testicular androgen receptor (AR) and melatonin receptor (MT1) expression. The BPS exposure caused marked increase in testicular oxidative load, inflammation (NF-kB/COX-2) and apoptosis (caspase-3). Melatonin (10 mg/kg BW/alternate day) pretreatment to BPS exposed hamsters resumed normal testicular histoarchitecture, sperm quality and decreased testicular oxidative load as evident by enhanced antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) activities and decreased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level. Further, melatonin also stimulated the testicular antioxidant proteins Nrf-2/HO-1, SIRT-1/FOXO-1 and reduced inflammatory proteins NF-kB/COX-2 expression to counteract BPS induced testicular damages. Melatonin administration to the BPS treated hamsters resulted in increased testicular cell proliferation (PCNA), survival (Bcl-2), gap junction (connexin-43) and decreased apoptosis (caspase-3). In conclusion, our study documented the detrimental effects of BPS on testes that compromises male fertility. Further, melatonin was found as a potent molecule that rescued the BPS induced testicular damages in male golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus. � 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Publication Melatonin Ameliorates LPS-Induced Testicular Nitro-oxidative Stress (iNOS/TNF?) and Inflammation (NF-kB/COX-2) via Modulation of SIRT-1(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kumar, Jitendra; Haldar, Chandana; Verma, RakeshLipopolysaccharide (LPS) � an endotoxin that is being extensively used in laboratory to mimic microbial infection that adversely affects male fertility. This study investigated the protective effects of melatonin on LPS-induced testicular nitro-oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated damages in the testes of male golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. Hamsters were administered with melatonin and LPS for 7 days. Testes of LPS treated hamsters showed degenerative changes (appearance of vacuoles, exfoliation, and depletion of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules), adverse effects on spermatogenesis (sperm count and viability), and steroidogenesis (declined serum and testicular testosterone). Furthermore, LPS treatment decreased melatonin content, melatonin receptor (MT1), and antioxidant potential (catalase and SOD), and simultaneously increased nitro-oxidative stress (CRP, nitrate, TNF?). LPS upregulated NF-kB, COX-2, and iNOS expressions to increase testicular inflammatory load that resulted in the decrease of germ cell proliferation and survival, thus culminating into germ cell apoptosis as indicated by AO-EB staining and caspase-3 expression. Administration of melatonin with LPS showed improved testicular histoarchitecture, sperm parameters, and testosterone level. Melatonin increased testicular antioxidant status (SOD, catalase) to counteract the LPS-induced testicular ROS and thus reduced testicular nitro-oxidative stress. Furthermore, melatonin treatment upregulated testicular SIRT-1 expression to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory proteins, i.e., NF-kB/COX-2/iNOS expression. The rescue effect of melatonin was further supported by increased germ cell survival (Bcl-2), proliferation (PCNA), and declined apoptosis (caspase-3). In conclusion, our result demonstrated that melatonin rescued testes from LPS-induced testicular nitro-oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated damages by upregulation of SIRT-1. � 2021, Society for Reproductive Investigation.Publication Multi-location evaluation of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Indian climates: Ecophenological dynamics, yield relation, and characterization of locations(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Parihar, Ashok K.; Gupta, Sanjeev; Hazra, Kali K.; Lamichaney, Amrit; Sen Gupta, Debjyoti; Singh, Deepak; Kumar, Raju; Singh, Anil K.; Vaishnavi, Rakesh; Jaberson, M. Samuel; Das, Sankar P.; Dev, Jai; Yadav, Rajesh K.; Jamwal, B.S.; Choudhary, B.R.; Khedar, O.P.; Prakash, Vijay; Dikshit, Harsh K.; Panwar, R.K.; Katiyar, Manoj; Kumar, Pankaj; Mahto, C.S.; Borah, H.K.; Singh, M.N.; Das, Arpita; Patil, A.N.; Nanda, H.C.; Kumar, Vinod; Rajput, Sumer D.; Chauhan, D.A.; Patel, M.H.; Kanwar, Raja R.; Kumar, Jitendra; Mishra, S.P.; Kumar, Hitesh; Swarup, Indu; Mogali, Suma; Kumaresan, D.; Manivannan, Narayana; Gowda, M. Byre; Pandiyan, Muthaiyan; Rao, Polneni J.; Shivani, D.; Prusti, A.M.; Mahadevu, P.; Iyanar, K.; Das, SujataCrop yield varies considerably within agroecology depending on the genetic potential of crop cultivars and various edaphic and climatic variables. Understanding site-specific changes in crop yield and genotype � environment interaction are crucial and needs exceptional consideration in strategic breeding programs. Further, genotypic response to diverse agro-ecologies offers identification of strategic locations for evaluating traits of interest to strengthen and accelerate the national variety release program. In this study, multi-location field trial data have been used to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on crop phenological dynamics and their influence on the yield of mungbean in different agroecological regions of the Indian subcontinent. The present attempt is also intended to identify the strategic location(s) favoring higher yield and distinctiveness within mungbean genotypes. In the field trial, a total of 34 different mungbean genotypes were grown in 39 locations covering the north hill zone (n = 4), northeastern plain zone (n = 6), northwestern plain zone (n = 7), central zone (n = 11) and south zone (n = 11). The results revealed that the effect of the environment was prominent on both the phenological dynamics and productivity of the mungbean. Noticeable variations (expressed as coefficient of variation) were observed for the parameters of days to 50% flowering (13%), days to maturity (12%), reproductive period (21%), grain yield (33%), and 1000-grain weight (14%) across the environments. The genotype, environment, and genotype � environment accounted for 3.0, 54.2, and 29.7% of the total variation in mungbean yield, respectively (p < 0.001), suggesting an oversized significance of site-specific responses of the genotypes. Results demonstrated that a lower ambient temperature extended both flowering time and the crop period. Linear mixed model results revealed that the changes in phenological events (days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, and reproductive period) with response to contrasting environments had no direct influence on crop yields (p > 0.05) for all the genotypes except PM 14-11. Results revealed that the south zone environment initiated early flowering and an extended reproductive period, thus sustaining yield with good seed size. While in low rainfall areas viz., Sriganganagar, New Delhi, Durgapura, and Sagar, the yield was comparatively low irrespective of genotypes. Correlation results and PCA indicated that rainfall during the crop season and relative humidity significantly and positively influenced grain yield. Hence, the present study suggests that the yield potential of mungbean is independent of crop phenological dynamics; rather, climatic variables like rainfall and relative humidity have considerable influence on yield. Further, HA-GGE biplot analysis identified Sagar, New Delhi, Sriganganagar, Durgapura, Warangal, Srinagar, Kanpur, and Mohanpur as the ideal testing environments, which demonstrated high efficiency in the selection of new genotypes with wider adaptability. Copyright � 2022 Parihar, Gupta, Hazra, Lamichaney, Sen Gupta, Singh, Kumar, Singh, Vaishnavi, Jaberson, Das, Dev, Yadav, Jamwal, Choudhary, Khedar, Prakash, Dikshit, Panwar, Katiyar, Kumar, Mahto, Borah, Singh, Das, Patil, Nanda, Kumar, Rajput, Chauhan, Patel, Kanwar, Kumar, Mishra, Kumar, Swarup, Mogali, Kumaresan, Manivannan, Gowda, Pandiyan, Rao, Shivani, Prusti, Mahadevu, Iyanar and Das.Publication Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of an endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica (EHL2), inhabiting the medicinal plant Euphorbia hirta (dudhi) L.(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Gautam, Veer Singh; Singh, Arti; Kumari, Puja; Nishad, Jay Hind; Kumar, Jitendra; Yadav, Monika; Bharti, Rajnish; Prajapati, Priyanka; Kharwar, Ravindra NathSince endophytic fungi are pivotal sources of various bioactive natural compounds, the present study is aimed to investigate the antioxidant compounds of the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from a pantropical weed, Euphorbia hirta L. The fungus was fermented in four different media and each filtered broth was sequentially extracted in various solvents. Crude extracts collected from different solvents were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were maximal in ethyl acetate crude extract (EtOAcE) of endophyte fermented in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium (77.74 � 0.046mgGAE/g and 230.59 � 2.0 mgRE/g) with the highest 96.80% antioxidant activity. However, TPC and TFC were absent in hexane extract of Czapek Dox broth (CDB) medium exhibiting the lowest 4.63 � 2.75% activity. The EtOAcE (PDB) showed a positive correlation between TFC and antiradical activity (R2 = 0.762; P < 0.05), whereas a high positive correlation was noticed between TPC and antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.989; P < 0.05). Furthermore, to determine the antioxidant activity, EtOAcE (PDB) was subjected to TLC bioautography-based partial purification, while GC/MS analysis of the partial purified extract was done to confirm the presence of phenolics along with antioxidant compounds that resulted in the detection of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (13.83%), a phenolic compound accountable for the antioxidant potential. Conclusively, N. sphaerica is a potential candidate for natural antioxidant. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] � 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Publication Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of an endophytic Fusarium proliferatum (ACQR8), isolated from a folk medicinal plant Cissus quadrangularis L.(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Singh, Arti; Kumar, Jitendra; Sharma, Vijay Kumar; Singh, Dheeraj Kumar; Kumari, Puja; Nishad, Jay Hind; Gautam, Veer Singh; Kharwar, Ravindra NathThe endophytic fungi are an important source of bioactive natural products. This study includes evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of endophytic fungus ACQR8, recovered from the root tissues of a folk medicinal plant Cissus quadrangularis L., which was identified as Fusarium proliferatum by microscopic and molecular methods. The fungus showed broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities against variety of important plant and human pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to record antifungal activity of any endophytic Fusarium sp. against phytopathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and the dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Microsporum gypseum. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the crude extract ranged from 40�120 �g/ml against pathogenic bacteria and 0.2�2.5 mg/ml against fungal pathogens. Besides, this study probably is also the first to document the phytochemical constituents of an endophytic Fusarium sp. Phytochemical testing and GC-MS (gas chromatography- mass spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids and its derivatives, phenolics, terpenoids and unsaturated alkenes in the crude extract which scientifically validates the highly promising antibacterial and antifungal activity exhibited by endophytic isolate ACQR8. � 2021 SAABPublication Statistical analysis of marshall-olkin inverse maxwell distribution: Estimation and application to real data(Gnedenko Forum, 2021) Yadav, C.P.; Kumar, Jitendra; Panwar, M.S.In this paper, Marshall-Olkin inverse Maxwell distribution is proposed by generalizing the inverse Maxwell distribution under the Marshall-Olkin family of distribution that leads to greater flexibility in modeling various new data types. The basic statistical properties for the proposed distribution including moments, quantile function, median, skewness, kurtosis, and stochastic ordering are derived. Point estimates for the parameters are obtained by using two well known methods maximum likelihood and maximum spacing methods. The confidence intervals are used by using asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators and boot-p methods. We have applied the proposed distribution under different real-life scenarios such as record value problem, system lifetime distributions, stress-strength reliability and random censored problems. For illustration purposes, simulation and real data results are established. � 2021 Gnedenko Forum. All Rights Reserved.Publication Survival analysis of random censoring with inverse Maxwell distribution: an application to guinea pigs data(University of Salento, 2023) Yadav, Chandra Prakash; Kumar, Jitendra; Panwar, M.S.In real-life situations, performing an experiment up to a certain period of time or getting the desired number of failures is time-consuming and costly. Many of the available observations remain censored and only give the survival information of testing units up to a noted time and not about the exact failure times. In this study, we consider inverse Maxwell distribution having an upside-down hazard rate as a survival lifetime model. The censoring time is also assumed to follow the inverse Maxwell distribution with a different parameter. The probability of failure of an item before censoring and expected and observed time on the test is derived from a random censoring scheme. The maximum likelihood estimators with their confidence intervals for the parameters are obtained for a randomly censored setup. We obtain the Bayes estimators by taking the inverted gamma distribution as a prior under squared error loss function. In Bayesian analysis, the two techniques, i.e. Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Tierney-Kadane approximation methods are used for estimation purposes. For checking the performances of proposed estimators, we perform an extensive simulation study. A real data, guinea pigs, is analyzed to support the proposed study. � Universit� del SalentoPublication Various threats to survival of bats in district Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh, India(Turtle Conservation and Research Programme, 2021) Kumar, Jitendra; Kanaujia, Amita; Verma, RameshBats are unique among mammals as they are the only group that has evolved true powered flight, like aves. India has a rich diversity of bat fauna comprising approximately 119 species of bats, out of which 14 species are megachiropteran bats belonging to 8 genera and one family (Pteropodidae) and the remaining are microchiropteran bats. In Uttar Pradesh, a total of 14 species of bats are recorded. Out of which, three species belong to the family Pteropodidae and remaining 11 species belong to five insectivorous families such as Vespertilionidae, Hippo-sideridae, Emballonuridae, Megadermatidae and Rhinopomatidae. Previous literatures revealed that population of bats are declining day by day due various anthropogenic factors such as habitat destruction, human influences, hunting and electrocution etc. The present study also revealed major threats to survival of bat species in district Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh, India. The electrocution was observed one of the major threats to P. giganteus in study area. The present study also made some recommendations to protect and conserve bat population. � TCRP Foundation 2021
