Browsing by Author "Singh, Bhawana"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Emerging immunotherapies for healthcare systems
    (Apple Academic Press, 2023) Singh, Bhawana; Verma, Vimal
    The human immune system is equipped with the ability to fight against invading pathogens. It has been an exciting area to target this ability of the immune system for improving human health. Recent technological advances have greatly accelerated the research toward the development of targeted therapeutics. The steadfast progress for the development of immunotherapies has paved the way for better understanding and fine-tuning of the immune system for fighting against different diseases. Considering the important role of T-cells in driving immunological responses, their differentiation and functional subsets immunotherapies are designed with an aim to release the brakes on the immune system. Immunotherapy uses a wide variety of immunomodulators that augment immune responses using various strategies ranging from altering the cultured cells to monoclonal antibodies and autologous immune enhancement therapies. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive outlook on the pre-clinical and clinical findings for the development of different immunotherapeutic approaches for the management of different diseases. � 2023 Apple Academic Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Emerging role of ?? T cells in protozoan infection and their potential clinical application
    (Elsevier B.V., 2022) Kumar, Awnish; Singh, Bhawana; Tiwari, Rahul; Singh, Vishal Kumar; Singh, Siddharth Sankar; Sundar, Shyam; Kumar, Rajiv
    ?? T cells are thymus derived heterogeneous and unconventional T- lymphocyte expressing TCR ? (V ?9) and TCR? (V?2) chain and play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive armaments of immune response. These cells can recognize wide ranges of antigens even without involvement of major histocompatibility complex and exert their biological functions by cytotoxicity or activating various types of immune cells. In recent past, ?? T cells have emerged as an important player during protozoa infection and rapidly expand after exposure with them. They have also been widely studied in vaccine induced immune response against many bacterial and protozoan infections with improved clinical outcome. In this review, we will discuss the various roles of ?? T cells in immunity against malaria and leishmaniasis, the two important protozoan diseases causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. � 2022
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    Infection, immunity, and vaccine development
    (Elsevier, 2022) Singh, Bhawana; Kumar, Awnish; Tiwari, Rahul; Chauhan, Shashi Bhushan; Singh, Om Prakash; Singh, Santosh K.; Gautam, Vibhav; Sundar, Shyam; Kumar, Rajiv
    Vaccination has emerged as one of the cheapest and most important healthcare interventions, saving millions of lives in both developed and developing countries. Currently, the development of drug-resistant pathogen strains and the emergence of new human pathogens due to changes in climate and human behavior have challenged vaccinologists to develop novel strategies for the development of new and effective vaccines. While most classical vaccines were developed pragmatically without a precise understanding about how they elicit immune responses and provide protection, current advancements in the fields of immunology, microbiology, genetics, molecular biology, and host-pathogen interactions have opened new opportunities for modern vaccine development with greater impact. This impact must not only be directed against established and newly emerging pathogens but should also provide protection for immune-compromised and elderly individuals. In this chapter, we will discuss host immune responses against pathogens, basic concepts about vaccine immunology and how they mediate protection against infectious agents. We will not discuss vaccine development strategies in detail, but only overview the key consideration in vaccine development programs. � 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Vaccine human clinical trial
    (Elsevier, 2022) Singh, Bhawana; Shyamali; Maurya, Dharmendra Kumar; Kumar, Rajiv; Chauhan, Shashi Bhushan; Mudavath, Shyam Lal; Meena, Ram Niwas; Sundar, Shyam; Singh, Om Prakash
    Globally incidence of infectious diseases has declined over the past decades, but still, they continue to have major public health and economic costs. Treatment of infectious diseases is complicated by patients� late presentation at an advanced stage of their illness. Other challenges include high cost of treatment (drug and hospitalization) and increasing drug resistance. Because of this lack of effective, affordable, minimally toxic drug therapies, an effective vaccine to control infectious diseases is needed. The development of a prophylactic vaccine would prove to be the most effective strategy of disease control and one of the most cost-effective investments in the health sector. However, each newly developed vaccine needs to be evaluated for safety, immunogenicity, and prophylactic efficacy in humans before it is licensed for public use. In this book chapter, we discuss the key elements that should be considered to conduct the vaccine clinical trials against infectious diseases including COVID-19. � 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.