Browsing by Author "Singh, Smita"
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Publication An elaborative NMR based plasma metabolomics study revealed metabolic derangements in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a study on north Indian population(Springer, 2021) Kumar, Umesh; Kumar, Abhai; Singh, Smita; Arya, Payal; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Chaurasia, Rameshwar Nath; Singh, Anup; Kumar, DineshMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is transition phase between cognitive decline and dementia. The current study aims to investigate altered metabolic pattern in plasma of MCI for potential biomarkers. MCI (N�= 50) and healthy controls (HC, N = 50) age group 55�75�years were screened based on Mini Mental State Examination Test (MMSE) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI imaging). The MMSE score of MCI was significantly lower (25.74 � 1.83) compared to healthy control subjects (29 � 1). The MCI patients exhibit significant changes in white matter integrity in the right frontal lobe, right temporal lobe, left frontal lobe, forcep major, fornix, corpus callosum. Further, the plasma samples of twenty seven MCI patients (N�= 27) and twenty HC subjects (N�= 20; having no significant differences in any demographics) were analyzed using 1H NMR based metabolomics approach. Consistent with many previous reports, the levels of several plasma metabolites were found to be elevated in MCI patients compared to healthy controls. Further univariate and multivariate ROC curve analyses provided three plasma metabolites as a diagnostic panel of biomarker for MCI; which are lysine, glycine, and glutamine. Overall, the results of this study will help to improve the diagnostic and prognostic strategies of MCI in addition to improving our understanding about disease pathogenesis. We believe that the over-nutritional metabolic phenotype of MCI needs to be targeted for developing future dietary interventions so that the progression of MCI can be limited. Graphical abstract: Metabolic derangements associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment [Figure not available: see fulltext.] � 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.Publication Bacteriocins as antimicrobial and preservative agents in food: Biosynthesis, separation and application(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Verma, Deepak Kumar; Thakur, Mamta; Singh, Smita; Tripathy, Soubhagya; Gupta, Alok Kumar; Baranwal, Deepika; Patel, Ami R.; Shah, Nihir; Utama, Gemilang Lara; Niamah, Alaa Kareem; Ch�vez-Gonz�lez, M�nica L.; Gallegos, Carolina Flores; Aguilar, Cristobal Noe; Srivastav, Prem PrakashEmerging evidence shows the trend of using safe and natural preservatives like bacteriocins in food processing. The increasing demand by the food industry to extend keeping quality and prevent spoilage of various food products has appealed for new preservatives and new methods of conservation. Further, to discover the novel spectrum of antimicrobial compounds that could effectively battle food-borne pathogens, bacteriocins have been intensively studied in the last few years. Recently, great attention has been paid to the application of lactic acid-bacterial bacteriocins targeting food spoilage-causing or pathogenic microorganisms with no significant side effects. Different mechanisms of action like pore-formation, retarding cell-wall/nucleic acid/protein synthesis have been proposed and described for diverse bacteriocins. Therefore, the syntheses, purification of bacteriocins in addition to their applications as antimicrobial and preservative agents in food processing are reviewed in detail. The review will also discuss the preservative effect of bacteriocins and their combinations having multiple modes of action (hurdle approach) to reduce the microbial load as well as antimicrobial resistance. � 2022Publication Chemistry and sources of lactase enzyme with an emphasis on microbial biotransformation in milk(wiley, 2023) Niamah, Alaa Kareem; Gddoa Al-Sahlany, Shayma Thyab; Verma, Deepak Kumar; Singh, Smita; Tripathy, Soubhagya; Baranwal, Deepika; Shah, Nihir; Patel, Ami R.; Thakur, Mamta; Utama, Gemilang Lara; Ch�vez-Gonz�lez, M�nica L.; Aguilar, Cristobal NoeThe milk of mammals contains a disaccharide called lactose, which is often commonly referred to as milk sugar. Lactose does not have an overwhelming sweetness, has weak solubility, and cannot be absorbed straight from the gastrointestinal system. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose have a sweetness that is comparable to that of sucrose, but they are three to four times more soluble and are more readily absorbed by the colon. Lactase, which may also be referred to as 3-galactosidase or �-glycosidases, can be found in the intestines of newborn animals as well as in the cells of some microbes (although lactase activity often decreases after weaning). The vast majority of the lactic lactococci that are utilized in the production of cheese have lactase activity. Glycosidases are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosides into oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates in a way that is efficient and inexpensive. Lactase is an enzyme that can be found in higher plants, animals, and even microbes. It is a member of the �-glycosidases family. Utilizing �-galactosidases allows for the degradation of lactose in milk, which results in the production of lactose-free milk that is sweeter than ordinary milk and is ideal for persons who are lactose intolerant. The lactose-degrading enzyme known as �-galactosidase is used in the food industry to produce dairy products that are easier to digest, sweeter, more soluble, and have a more flavorful profile. Enzymes called �-galactosidase are put to use in the food processing industry so that a variety of products, including hydrolyzed milk products, whey, and galactooligosaccharides, can be manufactured. As a consequence of this, the enzyme in discussion is an important protein that can be manufactured by recombinant technology. This chapter covers the origins of �-galactosidase, as well as its structure, recombinant synthesis, and the key alterations that have been made to the enzyme in order to improve its efficiency. � 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Publication Design and development of a multiwalled carbon nanotubes-based copper (II) Schiff base complex for the facile non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose(Springer, 2023) Gupta, Rashmi; Yadav, Mamta; Singh, Smita; Ganesan, Vellaichamy; Singh, BachchaA new bifunctional nanomaterial, [SBCu(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs, exhibiting exotic electrical and magnetic properties has been synthesized via chemical modification of MWCNT-COOH. Double probe DC electrical conductivity, CV and EIS studies show better conductivity of the material than that of MWCNT-COOH. With higher saturation and remanent magnetization, as well as coercivity, [SBCu(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs showed better ferromagnetic characteristics. Mott�Schottky electrochemical analysis was carried out to explore capacitive and dielectric properties. The enhancement in electrical conductivity of [SBCu(II)Hyd]-MWCNTs is also confirmed by optical and electrochemical band gaps studies. Subsequently, this material has been utilized to fabricate an electrochemical sensor by coating it over glassy carbon electrode for the determination of glucose. The corresponding sensitivity and limit of detection values are calculated to be 1.1 �A �M?1�cm?2 and 0.09��M, respectively. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] � 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Publication Epidemiology and management of neurocysticercosis: An update(Elsevier, 2022) Kumar, Abhai; Singh, Smita; Singh, Varun Kumar; Chaurasia, Rameshwar NathThe invasion of tape worm Taenia solium in human from contaminated food, water, and uncooked meat leads to neurocysticercosis (NCC). The NCC is the neglected disease of central nervous system prevalent in lower income countries and disseminate in high-income countries due to migration, which is major cause of morbidity/mortality. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging brain imaging, and other immunological and serological tests, although these test have their own limitations and not specific to differentiate the different form of NCC pathogenesis. The worldwide prevalence of NCC is lacking, and proper studies are needed to estimate the global presence of NCC. The current chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and socioeconomic challenges in eradication of the disease. The role of chronic inflammation in host defense, cyst degeneration, and reabsorption is discussed. The update on current research in development of new screening tools based on immunological and molecular test for diagnosis of NCC, treatment, and randomized control trial for parenchymal and extraparenchymal NCC is emphasized. NCC is believed as main cause of acquired epilepsy, among clinical and social workers, differentiation in seizures on the basis on proper diagnostic methods and international guidelines could decrease stigmatization among public. Further, the role of national and international agencies and socioeconomic factors involved in the eradication of disease are reviewed. � 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Publication One step synthesis of a bimetallic (Ni and Co) metal-organic framework for the efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of water and hydrazine(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022) Singh, Smita; Yadav, Mamta; Singh, Devesh Kumar; Yadav, Dharmendra Kumar; Sonkar, Piyush Kumar; Ganesan, VellaichamyA series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with varying Ni : Co ratios are synthesized by an easy one-step solvothermal method using trimesic acid as an organic linker. Physicochemical characterization of the synthesized MOFs was done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, which depicts that the monometallic and bimetallic MOFs have a similar crystal structure. Among the synthesized MOFs, NiCo-MOF (1 : 1) (where the 1 : 1 ratio indicates Ni : Co ratio) exhibits efficient bifunctional electrocatalytic properties, i.e. it electrocatalytically oxidizes water and hydrazine (HZ). Electrocatalytic water oxidation leading to oxygen evolution can be exploited in the production of green hydrogen. NiCo-MOF (1 : 1) exhibits a low overpotential of 330 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm?2, a low Tafel slope of 32 mV dec?1, and high stability for water oxidation. Electrocatalytic oxidation of HZ leads to its sensitive amperometric determination in real samples. For the electrochemical detection of HZ, NiCo-MOF (1 : 1) displays a low limit of detection (1.1 ?M), broad linear range (1-2000 ?M) and high selectivity and stability. Thus, the present results demonstrate a new scheme to fabricate an economical and high-performance oxygen evolution catalyst and HZ sensor. � 2022 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Publication Recent trends in microbial flavour Compounds: A review on Chemistry, synthesis mechanism and their application in food(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Kumar Verma, Deepak; Thyab Gddoa Al-Sahlany, Shayma; Kareem Niamah, Alaa; Thakur, Mamta; Shah, Nihir; Singh, Smita; Baranwal, Deepika; Patel, Ami R.; Lara Utama, Gemilang; Noe Aguilar, CristobalAroma and flavour represent the key components of food that improves the organoleptic characteristics of food and enhances the acceptability of food to consumers. Commercial manufacturing of aromatic and flavouring compounds is from the industry's microbial source, but since time immemorial, its concept has been behind human practices. The interest in microbial flavour compounds has developed in the past several decades because of its sustainable way to supply natural additives for the food processing sector. There are also numerous health benefits from microbial bioprocess products, ranging from antibiotics to fermented functional foods. This review discusses recent developments and advancements in many microbial aromatic and flavouring compounds, their biosynthesis and production by diverse types of microorganisms, their use in the food industry, and a brief overview of their health benefits for customers. � 2021 The AuthorsPublication The connection between diet, gut microbes, and cognitive decline(Elsevier, 2022) Kumar, Abhai; Singh, Smita; Chaurasia, Rameshwar NathThe trillions of harmless microbes that are present in human gut are known as the gut microbiota. The consumption of food affects the composition of the gut microbiota, which leads to an imbalanced microbial population in the gut, a condition that is known as gut dysbiosis. The consumption of a diet that is high in fat and sugar can lead to development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decline. The association between gut microbes and the occurrence of obesity is well established, and long-term consumption of a high-fat diet leads to cognitive decline. Obesity is strongly related to behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. The gut microbiota contains ten times the total cells present in the human body. Gut dysbiosis is related to several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty acid syndrome, and cognitive decline. Diet has a direct role in the composition of the gut microbiota, and cognitive health in childhood and adulthood is significantly determined by the food intake. This chapter emphasizes the microbiota gut-brain axis and the role of diet in determination of cognitive functions. � 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Publication Traditional medicines for mental health(CRC Press, 2021) Singh, Smita; Singh, Anup; Kumar, Abhai; Chaurasia, Rameshwar NathMental ill health and brain aging disorders has become a challenge worldwide; the treatments are long and include expensive synthetic drugs, with unavoidable serious side effects. Traditional medicines or complementary alternative medicines are known for their holistic view of treatment with no or minimal side effects. The branch of psycho-neuroscience in Ayurveda (Indian medicinal system) which treats brain disorders is based on immune system of an individual, balancing with medicines that are plant-based products (either single plant extract or mixture), with diverse range from herbs to perennial trees with varied plant parts, roots, stem, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits to seeds. The chemical structure of the major compounds ranges from straight-chain fatty acids to terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, peptides, etc. There is still scope for dosage specification and mode of action for the traditional medicines in the future for better nutrition, geriatric and mental health care. � 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.Publication Vitamin D and neuroprotection in elderly population(CRC Press, 2021) Kumar, Abhai; Chaurasia, Rameshwar Nath; Singh, Smita; Singh, AnupThe incidence of vitamin D deficiency is more than 40% in American and European elderly population. This chapter summarizes the neurological role of vitamin D and its implication in neuroprotection during age-associated progressive neurodegeneration resulting in cognitive impairment among the elderly. The US endocrine society has reported that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is almost one-third of the US population. Vitamin D induces amyloid clearance through phagocytosis, thereby leading to neuroprotection. Annweiler et al. analyzed the data based on a regression model and reported that in older adults vitamin D deficiency was associated with dementia and that vitamin D supplementation has a protective effect. A meta-analysis involving cross-sectional studies could not explain whether vitamin D deficiency leads to cognitive decline, or whether people with cognition disorder have lower exposure to sunlight or lower vitamin D intake; moreover, the seasonal fluctuation of vitamin D status was clear. � 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
