2013

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A new class of Bianchi cosmological models in f(R,T) gravity
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2013) Chaubey, R.; Shukla, A.K.
The new class of cosmological model of the early Universe is considered with f(R,T) modified theories of gravity (Harko et al. in Phys. Rev. D 84:024020, 2011). The exact solutions to the corresponding field equations are obtained in quadrature form. The cosmological parameters have been discussed in detail. We have also discussed the well-known astrophysical phenomena, namely the Hubble parameter H(z), luminosity distance (dL) and distance modulus μ(z) with redshift. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Pulmonary surfactants and their role in pathophysiology of lung disorders
(2013) Akella, Aparna; Deshpande, Shripad B
Surfactant is an agent that decreases the surface tension between two media. The surface tension between gaseousaqueous interphase in the lungs is decreased by the presence of a thin layer of fluid known as pulmonary surfactant. The pulmonary surfactant is produced by the alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells of the lungs. It is essential for efficient exchange of gases and for maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli. Surfactant is a secretory product, composed of lipids and proteins. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol are the major lipid constituents and SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D are four types of surfactant associated proteins. The lipid and protein components are synthesized separately and are packaged into the lamellar bodies in the AT-II cells. Lamellar bodies are the main organelle for the synthesis and metabolism of surfactants. The synthesis, secretion and recycling of the surfactant lipids and proteins is regulated by complex genetic and metabolic mechanisms. The lipid-protein interaction is very important for the structural organization of surfactant monolayer and its functioning. Alterations in surfactant homeostasis or biophysical properties can result in surfactant insufficiency which may be responsible for diseases like respiratory distress syndrome, lung proteinosis, interstitial lung diseases and chronic lung diseases. The biochemical, physiological, developmental and clinical aspects of pulmonary surfactant are presented in this article to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases.
Fuzzy rough sets, fuzzy preorders and fuzzy topologies
(2013) Tiwari, S.P.; Srivastava, Arun K.
This paper shows that observations made by different authors at different times regarding one-to-one correspondence between the family of fuzzy preorders on a nonempty set and the family of all fuzzy topologies on this set satisfying certain extra conditions are essentially equivalent. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Synthesis, molecular docking and in vitro antimicrobial studies of new hexahydroindazole derivatives of curcumin
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2013) Kumar, Dileep; Harish, B.G.; Gangwar, Mayank; Kumar, Manish; Kumar, Dharmendra; Tilak, Ragini; Nath, Gopal; Kumar, Ashok; Singh, Sushil Kumar
A series of hexahydroindazole analogues of curcumin were synthesized and investigated for in vitro and in silico antimicrobial activity. The structures of synthesized compounds were identified on the basis of satisfactory analytical and spectral data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, EI-MASS techniques and elemental analysis). Synthesized compounds showed moderate to high activity against both bacterial and fungal strains. All compounds were docked computationally to the active site of enzyme L-glutamine: D-fructose-6-phosphate amido-transferase [GlcN-6-P] (EC 2.6.1.16). The autodock programme 4.0 was employed to perform automated molecular docking. (E)-1-(7-(3-methoxybenzylidene) -3-(3- methoxyphenyl)-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-indazol-2-yl)ethanone (A7) turned out to be the most potent analogue of the series, showing best activity against bacterial and fungal strains. Compound A7 showed minimum binding and docking energy and may be considered as good inhibitor of GlcN-6-P synthase. Further investigation and optimization of this lead could provide new antimicrobial molecules. © 2013 Bentham Science Publishers.
Impact of herbicide and various soil amendments on soil enzymes activities in a tropical rainfed agroecosystem
(2013) Singh, Alka; Ghoshal, Nandita
A two year study was designed to investigate the activities of soil enzymes namely β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and urease in an agroecosystem under rice-wheat-summer fallow crop rotation receiving herbicide (HC) as Butachlor, either singly or in combination of soil amendments of varying resource quality. Chemical fertilizer (CF), Sesbania shoot (SS), farmyard manure (FYM) and wheat straw (WS), carrying equivalent amount of N were added in combination of HC to soil along with a no input control (CO). Throughout the annual cycle, the activity of β-glucosidase was maximum in HC + WS treatment followed by the decreasing order for HC + FYM > HC + SS > HC + CF > HC > CO plots. Almost similar trend was found for alkaline phosphatase activity throughout the annual cycle. Within the crop cycle, the activities of the two enzymes increased from the vegetative to grain forming stage and then decreased at crop maturity. By contrast, urease activity decreased constantly through the crop cycle for all the treatments except the HC + WS treatment. The interaction of herbicide with soil inputs irrespective of their resource quality compared to single application of herbicide increased activities of all the three enzymes throughout the annual cycle. The activity of β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase and urease was influenced by the C:N ratio of the various soil inputs. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS.
An insufficient increase of cytosolic free calcium level results postovulatory aging-induced abortive spontaneous egg activation in rat
(2013) Premkumar, Karuppanan V.; Chaube, Shail K.
Purpose: The present study was aimed to find out whether postovulatory aging-induced abortive spontaneous egg activation (SEA) is due to insufficient increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ level. Methods: Immature female rats (22-24 days old) were subjected to superovulation induction protocol. Eggs were collected 14, 17 and 19 h post-hCG surge to induce in vivo egg aging. The eggs were collected 14 h post-hCG surge and cultured in vitro for 3, 5 and 7 h to induce in vitro egg aging. The morphological changes, rate of abortive SEA, chromosomal status and cytosolic free Ca2+ levels were analyzed. Results: Postovulatory aging induced morphological features characteristics of abortive SEA in a time-dependent manner in vivo as well as in vitro. The extracellular Ca2+ increased rate of abortive SEA during initial period of culture, while co-Addition of a nifedipine (L-type Ca2+ channel blocker) protected against postovulatory aging-induced abortive SEA. However, CI induced morphological features characteristics of egg activation (EA) in a dose-dependent manner. As compare to control, an increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ level (1.42 times) induced abortive SEA, while further increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ level (2.55 times) induced EA. Conclusion: Our results show that an insufficient cytosolic free Ca2+ level is associated with postovulatory aging -induced abortive SEA, while furthermore increase is required to induce EA in rat. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.
Religiosity, anxiety and pregnancy outcomes in Indian Women
(2013) Kumari, Shilpa; Joshi, Shobhna; Jain, Madhu
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between religiosity, anxiety and pregnancy outcomes. It was hypothesised that (i) religiosity would be negatively related to anxiety, (ii) religiosity would be positively related to healthy pregnancy outcomes and (iii) anxiety would be negatively related to healthy pregnancy outcomes. The study was conducted on a sample of 200 pregnant women (aged 20-30 years) in the third trimester of their pregnancy, which were recruited in the Obstetrics department of the Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The assessment of gestational age was based on the last menstrual period. Religiosity and anxiety were assessed using Bhusan's Religiosity Scale, Rastogi and Tripathi's State and Trait and Free Floating Anxiety Scale (Hindi version) respectively. The personal data sheet was also used for obtaining information regarding the delivery and health status of the baby from hospital records. The data was analysed with correlation and hierarchical regression. Results indicated that religiosity is significantly negatively correlated with anxiety and positively correlated with pregnancy outcomes, indicating that more-religious women would experience less anxiety and would have healthy pregnancy outcomes. Results also revealed that anxiety is negatively related to healthy pregnancy outcomes. © Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology.
Leishmaniasis: An update of current pharmacotherapy
(2013) Sundar, Shyam; Chakravarty, Jaya
Introduction: Leishmaniasis broadly manifests as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). The treatment of VL is challenging. The duration of treatment is long, and drugs are toxic thereby needing monitoring and hospitalization. Areas covered: Novel therapies such as single dose of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) and multidrug therapy are important breakthrough for VL in the Indian subcontinent and have been recommended as the treatment of choice in this region. African Leishmania donovani is less susceptible to L-AmB, miltefosine and paromomycin as compared to the Indian strains, and the treatment of choice remains a 17-day combination therapy of pentavalent antimonials (SBv) and paromomycin. L-AmB at a total dose of 18-21 mg/kg is the recommended regimen in the Mediterranean region and South America. It is also the treatment of choice for HIV-VL coinfection. Treatment of CL should be decided by the clinical lesions, etiological species and its potential to develop into mucosal leishmaniasis. A literature search on treatment of leishmaniasis was done on PubMed and through Google. Expert opinion: There is an urgent need for exploratory studies with short course, highly efficient regimens such as single dose L-AmB or combination therapy for all the endemic regions of VL. Shorter and more acceptable regimens are needed for the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Treatment of CL remains one of the neglected areas of leishmaniasis as data are scarce and drawn from uncontrolled studies. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd.
A comparative clinical evaluation of once daily versus alternate day application of topical clobetasol propionate cream in psoriasis
(2013) Abidi, Afroz; Ahmad, Farida; Singh, Satyendra K.
Background: Corticosteroids are extremely useful in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Topical steroid applications are the most effective treatment for all types of psoriasis. Aims: To compare the efficacy of once daily versus alternate day application of topical steroid clobetasol propionate 0.05% (Tenovate cream®) in patients who have mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. Settings and Design: This study was conducted on 89 patients of plaque psoriasis, who attended the skin OPD in our hospital. Methods and Material: The patients who had a mild to moderate severity of plaque psoriasis were selected. Those patients who required systemic corticosteroids, those who were already undergoing any psoriasis treatment, those who had any other debilitating illness and pregnant and lactating women were excluded from the study. Eighty nine patients were enrolled for the study after taking written informed consent from them and they were randomly allocated into two groups. Two patients dropped out, one in each group and 1 of group 2 was prescribed systemic corticosteroids. Group 1- once daily application (n= 44) Group 2- alternate day application (n= 42) An objective scoring was done on the basis of the PSI (Psoriasis Severity Index) score, which was graded from 0-4. Follow ups were done in the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks. Statistical Analysis: It was done by the Student's 't' test and ANOVA. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that there was equal improvement in both the groups in the 2nd week, since the p-value was not significant (P> 0.05), but in the 4th and 6th weeks, there was less improvement in the alternate day group (P< 0.05). An intra group comparison indicated that clobetasol was effective both in the once daily and the alternate day groups, but clinical and symptomatic improvement occurred more quickly in the once daily group after 6 weeks of assessment. Thus, it can be concluded that the alternate day application of the topical steroid clobetasol propionate cream is as effective as the once daily application in the initial 2 weeks, but by 6 weeks, its efficacy decreases. Therefore, initially, we can advocate a less frequent application of potent topical steroids but for the complete remission of the disease, the application frequency should be once daily.
Engineering drought tolerant tomato plants over-expressing BcZAT12 gene encoding a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor
(2013) Rai, Avinash Chandra; Singh, Major; Shah, Kavita
Efficient genetic transformation of cotyledonary explants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. H-86, Kashi vishesh) was obtained. Disarmed Agrobacterium tumifaciens strain GV 3101 was used in conjugation with binary vector pBinAR containing a construct consisting of the coding sequence of the BcZAT12 gene under the regulatory control of the stress inducible Bclea1a promoter. ZAT12 encodes a C2H2 zinc finger protein which confers multiple abiotic stress tolerance to plants. Integration of ZAT12 gene into nuclear genome of individual kanamycin resistant transformed To tomato lines was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization with segregation analysis of T1 plants showing Mendelian inheritance of the transgene. Expression of ZAT12 in drought-stressed transformed tomato lines was verified in T2 generation plants using RT-PCR. Of the six transformed tomato lines (ZT1-ZT6) the transformants ZT1 and ZT5 showed maximum expression of BcZAT12 gene transcripts when exposed to 7 days drought stress. Analysis of relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), chlorophyll colour index (CCI), H2O2 level and catalase activity suggested that tomato BcZAT12 transformants ZT1 and ZT5 have significantly increased levels of drought tolerance. These results suggest that BcZAT12 transformed tomato cv. H-86 has real potential for molecular breeding programs aimed at augmenting yield of tomato in regions affected with drought stress. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Desiccation induced changes in osmolytes production and the antioxidative defence in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
(Springer, 2013) Singh, Priyanka; Tiwari, Anupam; Singh, Sureshwar Prasad; Asthana, Ravi Kumar
Cells of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, a low desiccation tolerant cyanobacterium, was subjected to prolonged desiccation and effect of loss of water was examined on production of osmolytes, and antioxidant response as well as on overall viability in terms of photosynthetic activity. During dehydration (22 h), the organism maintained about 98. 5 % loss of cellular water, yet cells remained viable as about 30 % of photosynthetic O2-evolution activity resumed upon hydrating (1 h) such cells. In desiccated state, cyanobacterial cells accumulated osmolytes within 1 h though their contents decreased thereafter. The highest levels of trehalose (179 nmol mg-1 protein), sucrose (805 nmol mg-1 protein) and proline (23. 2 nmol mg-1 protein) were attained within 1 h. Chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents also increased within 1 h but phycocyanin level showed opposite trend. The oxygen-evolving activity declined in desiccated cyanobacterial biomass while rehydration led to instant recovery, indicating that cells protect the photosynthetic machinery against desiccation. Notwithstanding, activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) attained their peaks after 3 h of desiccation, though within 10 min of rehydration, their levels returned back close to basal activities of the cultured cells. We propose that onset of osmolyte production in conjunction with upshift of antioxidant enzymes apparently protects the cyanobacterial cells from desiccation stress. © 2012 Prof. H.S. Srivastava Foundation for Science and Society.
Chitosan-sodium alginate blended polyelectrolyte complexes as potential multiparticulate carrier system: Colon-targeted delivery and gamma scintigraphic imaging
(2013) Lanjhiyana, Sanjay K; Bajpayee, Pranav; Kesavan, Karthikeyan; Lanjhiyana, Sweety; Muthu, Madaswamy S
Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop stable, biodegradable chitosan-sodium alginate-based dual, ionic cross-linked multiparticulate system (microbeads) of tinidazole for targeted colon delivery and sustained drug release for the treatment of amoebiasis and thereby evaluating its targeting approach through in vivo gamma scintigraphic imaging technique. Methods: The chitosan-sodium alginate-based multiparticulate system developed was producing sustained effect by virtue of its mechanical strength using double ionotropic gelation method utilizing calcium chloride and sodium sulfate as first and second cross-linkers respectively. Prepared formulations were evaluated for percent yield, drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, degree of swelling, in vitro kinetics, and in vivo targeting potentials using gamma scintigraphic imaging technique. Results: The obtained particulates were spherical, free flowing, and had a mean particle size ranging from 1.422 mm to 1.881 mm, whereas percent yield and percent drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in between 72.61 to 82.43% and 63.25 to 79.32% respectively. Conclusion: The prepared multiparticulate system showed better sustained release property and in vivo ability to target colon for drug delivery. Hence, the developed multiparticulate system could be a promising device to achieve greater site-specificity to colon. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd.
Cyanobacteria, Lyngbya aestuarii and Aphanothece bullosa as antifungal and antileishmanial drug resources
(Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedicine Press, 2013) Kumar, Maheep; Tripathi, Manoj Kumar; Srivastava, Akanksha; Gour, Jalaj Kumar; Singh, Rakesh Kumar; Tilak, Ragini; Asthana, Ravi Kumar
Objective: To investigate two cyanobacteria isolated from different origins i.e. Lyngbya aestuarii (L. aestuarii) from brackish water and Aphanothece bullosa (A. bullosa) from fresh water paddy fields for antifungal and antileishmanila activity taking Candida albicans and Leishmania donovain as targets. Methods: Biomass of L. aestuarii and A. bullosa were harvested after 40 and 60 d respectively and lyophilized twice in methanol (100%) and redissolved in methanol (5%) for bioassay. Antifungal bioassay was done by agar well diffusion method while antileishmanial, by counting cell numbers and flageller motility observation of promastigotes and amastigotes from L. donovani. Fluconazole and 5% methanol were used as control. Results: Both the cyanobacteria were found to be potent source of antifungal activity keeping fluconazole as positive control, however, methanolic crude extract (15 mg/mL) of A. bullosa was found more potent (larger inhibition zone) over that of methanolic crude extract of L. aestuarii. Similarly antileishmanial activity of crude extract (24.0 mg/mL) of A. bullosa was superior over that of methanolic crude extract of L. aestuarii (25.6 mg/mL). Conclusions: Antifungal and antileishmanial drugs are still limited in the market. Screening of microbes possessing antifungal and antileishmanial activity drug is of prime importance. Cyanobacteria are little explored in this context because most of the drugs in human therapy are derived from microorganisms, mainly bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes. Thus in the present study two cyanobacterial strains from different origins showed potent source of antifungal and antileishmanial biomolecules. © 2013 Asian Pacific Tropical Biomedical Magazine.
Modeling the effect of time delay on the conservation of forestry biomass
(Elsevier Ltd, 2013) Misra, A.K.; Lata, Kusum
In this paper, we have studied the effect of time delay on conservation of forestry biomass by proposing a non-linear mathematical model. In the modeling process, it is assumed that the density of forestry biomass depletes due to the presence of human population and it is being conserved by applying some technological efforts. The analysis of model shows that the density of forestry biomass may be conserved if the technological effort is applied within the appropriate time. A longer delay in applying technological effort for its conservation destabilizes the system. The direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions are determined by applying the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the mathematical results. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd
Synthesis, characterization, and application of novel amphiphilic poly(D-gluconamidoethyl methacrylate)-b-polyurethane-b-poly(D-gluconamidoethyl methacrylate) triblock copolymers
(2013) Vishwakarma, Niraj Kumar; Mishra, Avnish Kumar; Mishra, Abhinay; Paira, Tapas; Patel, Vijay Kumar; Biswas, Chandra Sekhar; Mandal, Tarun Kumar; Maiti, Pralay; Ray, Biswajit
Novel amphiphilic ABA-type poly(D-gluconamidoethyl methacrylate)-b- polyurethane-b-poly(D-gluconamidoethyl methacrylate) (PGAMA-b-PU-b-PGAMA) tri-block copolymers were successfully synthesized via the combination of the step-growth and copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Dihydroxy polyurethane (HO-PU-OH) was synthesized by the step-growth polymerization of hexamethylene diisocyanate with poly(tetramethylene glycol). PGAMA-b-PU-b-PGAMA block copolymers were synthesized via copper-catalyzed ATRP of GAMA in N, N-dimethyl formamide at 20°C in the presence of 2, 2′-bipyridyl using Br-PU-Br as macroinitiator and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and GPC. The resulting block copolymer forms spherical micelles in water as observed in TEM study, and also supported by 1H NMR spectroscopy and light scattering. Miceller size increases with increase in hydrophilic PGAMA chain length as revealed by DLS study. The critical micellar concentration values of the resulting block copolymers increased with the increase of the chain length of the PGAMA block. Thermal properties of these block copolymers were studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetric study. Spherical Ag-nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using these block copolymers as stabilizer. The dimension of Ag nanoparticle was tailored by altering the chain length of the hydrophilic block of the copolymer. A mechanism has been proposed for the formation of stable and regulated Ag nanoparticle using various chain length of hydrophilic PGAMA block of the tri-block copolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of coal-derived single-walled carbon nanotube from coal by varying the ratio of Zr/Ni as bimetallic catalyst
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2013) Kumar, Rajesh; Singh, Rajesh Kumar; Ghosh, A.K.; Sen, Raja; Srivastava, S.K.; Tiwari, R.S.; Srivastava, O.N.
In this paper coal, source has been used in place of graphite for synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with new Zr/Ni bimetallic catalyst. Using coal as starting material to produce the high-value-added SWCNTs is an economically competent route. SWCNTs have been synthesized by the electric arc discharge method using the so-called heterogeneous annealed coal anode filled with Zr and Ni catalyst. SWCNTs have been synthesized using annealed coal rod. The SWCNTs bundles synthesized generally have diameters of 4-10 nm. Most of those produced with Zr/Ni as the catalyst has a diameter ranging from 2.0 to 1.0 nm. The as-synthesized SWCNTs have been characterized employing XRD, HRTEM, EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR. It has been found that the change of the ratio of Zr and Ni concentration (wt%) in the catalyst affects the yield of SWCNTs. However, the purity of SWCNTs is very sensitive to the concentration of Zr. An optimal range of Zr/Ni compositions for synthesis of SWCNTs with relatively high purity and yield is obtained at specific concentration of 3:1. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
An unusual presentation of typhoid fever causing aseptic meningitis, acute pancreatitis, acute glomerulonephritis, acute hepatitis
(2013) Meena, Vinay Kumar; Kumar, Nilesh; Nawal, Rajani
[No abstract available]
Sex ratio at birth: A model based approach
(2013) Yadava, R.C.; Kumar, Anup; Srivastava, U.
There are many biological and social determinants of the sex ratio (the ratio of the number of males to the total number of children) at birth (SRB). Among these, sex selective abortion is considered the most effective. This paper attempts to examine the impact of the practice of sex selective abortion on the SRB under different hypothetical situations. This paper also investigates the effect of the desire of a sex combination of children on the SRB under different stopping rules for heterogeneity in the population regarding the probability of producing a male child (p). The results presented here are intended to further clarify the impact of some possible stopping rules on the SRB. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Phantom Appearance of Non-phantom Matter in Bianchi Type-I Cosmological Model
(Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, 2013) Singh, T.; Chaubey, R.
Two cosmological models with non-phantom matter having the same expansion of the universe as phantom cosmologies are constructed in Bianchi type-I universe. The exact solutions to the corresponding Einstein field equations have been obtained. The cosmological parameters have been obtained in two interesting cases (i) γ=0 and (ii) γ=1/3. We have also discussed the well-known astrophysical phenomena, namely the look-back time, luminosity distance and event horizon with redshift. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
MALDI mass sequencing and biochemical characterization of Setaria cervi protein tyrosine phosphatase
(2013) Rai, Reeta; Singh, Neetu; Elesela, Srikanth; Tiwari, Savitri; Rathaur, Sushma
A 30-kDa acid phosphatase with protein tyrosine phosphatase activity was identified in Setaria cervi (ScPTP). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using three-step column chromatography. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis of purified ScPTP yielded a total of eight peptides matching most closely to phosphoprotein phosphatase of Ricinus communis (RcPP). A hydrophilicity plot of RcPP revealed the presence of these peptides in the hydrophilic region, suggesting their antigenic nature. The substrate specificity of ScPTP with ortho-phospho-l- tyrosine and inhibition with sodium orthovanadate and ammonium molybdate affirmed it as a protein tyrosine phosphatase. ScPTP was also found to be tartrate resistant. The Km and Vmax were 6.60 mM and 83.3 μM/ml/min, respectively, with pNPP and 8.0 mM and 111 μM/ml/min, respectively, with ortho-phospho-l-tyrosine as the substrate. The Ki value with sodium orthovanadate was calculated to be 16.10 mM. Active site modification with DEPC, EDAC and pHMB suggested the presence of histidine, cysteine and aspartate at its active site. Thus, on the basis of MALDI-TOF and biochemical studies, it was confirmed that purified acid phosphatase is a PTP. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

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