2018

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Effect of laser irradiation on micro-hardness, compactness and Raman spectrum of glassy Se76Te20Sn2Cd2 alloy
(Elsevier Editora Ltda, 2018) Kumar, Amit; Imran, Mousa M.A.; Sharma, Arvind; Mehta, Neeraj
In present novel work, we have synthesized a novel quaternary Se76Te20Sn2Cd2 glass in bulk form. Four laser light sources from UV-Vis-IR region have been used to investigate the laser-induced effects on the micro-hardness to check the candidature of this material for possible application in fiber optics. The micro-hardness of the quaternary Se76Te20Sn2Cd2 glass is increased appreciably after laser exposure. This result has been analyzed in terms of compactness. The enhancement in both micro-hardness and compactness is also explained by Raman spectroscopy. © 2017 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association
Under ambient UVA exposure, pefloxacin exhibits both immunomodulatory and genotoxic effects via multiple mechanisms
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Singh, Jyoti; Srivastva, Ajeet K.; Mandal, Payal; Chandra, Sonam; Dubey, Divya; Dwivedi, Ashish; Chopra, Deepti; Tripathi, Anurag; Ray, Ratan Singh
Pefloxacin (PFLX) is an antibiotic, which shows broad spectrum antimicrobial activities. It is an important derivative of fluoroquinolones (FLQs) group. Ultraviolet radiation (200–400 nm) causes major problem for living being which comes at the earth surface naturally through sunlight and increasing regularly due to ozone depletion. PFLX was photodegraded in 5 h and forms photoproduct under UVA exposure. At the non photocytotoxic dose PFLX, shows reduced phagocytosis activity, NO (nitric oxide) production, large vacuole formation and down regulated IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1 in BALB/c macrophages at both genes and proteins levels. At higher doses (photocytotoxic doses), PFLX induced a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability of human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. Our molecular docking suggests that PFLX binds only to the cleaved DNA in the DNA-human TOP2A complex. Topoisomerase assay confirmed that PFLX inhibits human topoisomerase by forming an adduct with DNA. Photosensitized PFLX also caused intracellular ROS mediated DNA damage and formation of micronuclei and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Increase intracellular ROS leads to apoptosis which was proved through lysosomal destabilization and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Our present study shows that ambient UVA exposure in the presence of PFLX caused immunomodulatory as well as photogenotoxic effects. Therefore, patients under PFLX drug treatment should avoid sunlight exposure, especially during peak hours for their photosafety. © 2017
Polysaccharides from cyanobacteria: Response to biotic and abiotic stress and their antiviral activity
(National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, 2018) Shalaby, Emad A.; Dubey, N.K.
Present review puts prompt information on polysaccharides secretion from cyanobacteria under biotic and abiotic stress, their applications when released into the surrounding medium (exo- or extracellular polysaccharides, EPS) and different biological activities. In addition, potentials of polysaccharides from marine microalgae to be used as antiviral agents and their mode of action against different viral species (e.g: HIV, HSV, HAV—etc) have also been presented on the current review. © 2018, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide quantum dots using Eclipta alba
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Singh, Akhilesh Kumar; Pal, Priti; Gupta, Vinay; Yadav, Thakur Prasad; Gupta, Vishu; Singh, Satarudra Prakash
The present study focused on the green and sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) quantum dots (QDs) using zinc acetate (precursor) and Eclipta alba leaf extract as a reducing agent. The synthesis of ZnO QDs was monitored by ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy at wavelength (λmax) 324 nm. The optimal synthesis of ZnO QDs was recorded at temperature 40 °C, pH 7, 5 mL zinc acetate (5 mM), 7 mL leaf extract and reaction time of 75 min. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) depicted homogeneous distribution of spherical ZnO QDs with mean particle size of 6 nm that comparable to biomolecules. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis revealed crystalline nature of ZnO QDs having a hexagonal wurtzite phase with lattice constants a = b = 0.32 nm and c = 0.52 nm. Furthermore, the physical interactions between ZnO QDs and E. coli cells were studied by TEM and agar well diffusion methods that showed enhanced antimicrobial activity. Overall, these unique size and quite stable QDs open up possibilities of applications in a number of commercial consumers, clinical products and fluorescence labeling including the antimicrobial agent. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
Molecular detection of drug resistance to ofloxacin and kanamycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using multiplex allele-specific PCR
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Kumari, Richa; Banerjee, Tuhina; Anupurba, Shampa
Drug resistance in tuberculosis (TB) is the biggest global health challenge as it hinders the tuberculosis control program and makes the disease more worsen. Molecular methods interrupt the spread of drug resistance by facilitating the appropriate anti- tuberculosis therapy at correct time through rapid diagnosis of multi drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). In this study we standardized and evaluated the diagnostic utility of multiplex allele specific PCR (MAS-PCR) targeting gyrA D94G and rrs A1401G mutations for detection of resistance against two key drugs (ofloxacin and kanamycin) of second line anti tuberculosis treatment. MAS-PCR assays targeting gyrA D94G and rrs A1401G for ofloxacin (OFL) and kanamycin (KAN) resistance respectively were carried out on 150 multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results were compared with phenotypic drug susceptibility test against ofloxacin and kanamycin by using proportion method on MGIT 960. Of 150 MDR isolates 50 were resistant to both ofloxacin and kanamycin, 36 were resistant to ofloxacin only, 8 were resistant to kanamycin only and 56 were susceptible to both the drugs. MAS-PCR correctly identified gyrA D94G and rrs A1401G mutations in phenotypically resistant isolates with a specificity of 100%. The sensitivity of MAS-PCR was 88.66%, 93.55% and 86% for OFL, KAN and XDR-TB respectively. There was no mutation detected at gyrA D94G region of 12.86% (11 of 86) OFL resistant isolates while 6.89% (4 of 58) of KAN resistant isolates did not carry rrs A1401G substitution. MAS-PCR proves to be a rapid tool for detection of drug resistance which could also be used as an initial marker for screening of XDR-TB. © 2017 The Authors
Interactive effects of supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation and indole-3-acetic acid on Coleus forskohlii Briq.: Alterations in morphological-, physiological-, and biochemical characteristics and essential oil content
(Academic Press, 2018) Takshak, Swabha; Bhushan Agrawal, Shashi
Ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation and the growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) have been known to cause various changes in plants at morphological and physiological levels as individual entities, but their interactive effects on the overall plant performance remain practically unknown. The present study was conducted under near-natural field conditions to evaluate the effects of supplemental (s)-UV-B (ambient+3.6 kJ m−2 day−1) treatment alone, and in combination with two doses of IAA (200 ppm and 400 ppm) exogenously applied as foliar spray on various growth-, morphological-, physiological-, and biochemical parameters of an indigenous medicinal plant, Coleus forskohlii. Under s-UV-B, the plant growth and morphology were adversely affected (along with reductions in protein- and chlorophyll contents) with concomitant increase in secondary metabolites (as substantiated by an increase in the activities of various enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway) and cumulative antioxidative potential (CAP), suggesting the plant's capability of adaptive resilience against UV-B. The essential oil content of the plant was, however, compromised reducing its pharmaceutical value. IAA application at both doses led to a reversal in the effects caused by s-UV-B radiation alone; both the plant growth as well as the essential oil content improved, especially at the higher IAA dose, suggesting its ameliorative role against UV-B induced oxidative stress, and also in improving the plant's medicinal value. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
High-performance field emission device utilizing vertically aligned carbon nanotubes-based pillar architectures
(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2018) Gupta, Bipin Kumar; Kedawat, Garima; Gangwar, Amit Kumar; Nagpal, Kanika; Kashyap, Pradeep Kumar; Srivastava, Shubhda; Singh, Satbir; Kumar, Pawan; Suryawanshi, Sachin R.; Seo, Deok Min; Tripathi, Prashant; More, Mahendra A.; Srivastava, O.N.; Hahm, Myung Gwan; Late, Dattatray J.
The vertical aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based pillar architectures were created on laminated silicon oxide/silicon (SiO2/Si) wafer substrate at 775 °C by using water-assisted chemical vapor deposition under low pressure process condition. The lamination was carried out by aluminum (Al, 10.0 nm thickness) as a barrier layer and iron (Fe, 1.5 nm thickness) as a catalyst precursor layer sequentially on a silicon wafer substrate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that synthesized CNTs are vertically aligned and uniformly distributed with a high density. The CNTs have approximately 2-30 walls with an inner diameter of 3-8 nm. Raman spectrum analysis shows G-band at 1580 cm-1 and D-band at 1340 cm-1. The G-band is higher than D-band, which indicates that CNTs are highly graphitized. The field emission analysis of the CNTs revealed high field emission current density (4mA/cm2 at 1.2V/μm), low turn-on field (0.6 V/μm) and field enhancement factor (6917) with better stability and longer lifetime. Emitter morphology resulting in improved promising field emission performances, which is a crucial factor for the fabrication of pillared shaped vertical aligned CNTs bundles as practical electron sources. © 2018 Author(s).
Natural Convection of a Micropolar Fluid Between Two Vertical Walls with Newtonian Heating/Cooling and Heat Source/Sink
(Springer Heidelberg, 2018) Singh, Arun Kumar; Singh, A.K.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the natural convection of a micropolar fluid flow in two vertical walls with the Newtonian heating/cooling on one of its walls. The governing linear differential equations with their appropriate boundary conditions of the considered model are changed first into non-dimensional differential equations and boundary conditions by using the dimensionless parameters and variables. Analytic solutions of the non-dimensional differential equations have been obtained one by one for several cases of source or sink parameter. To obtain the influence of the Biot number and other physical parameters, the numerical results of the velocity, temperature, and microrotational velocity are finally shown in the graphs and table. It is found that the effect of the Newtonian heating is to increase the velocity, microrotational velocity, and rate of volume flow, while in the case of the Newtonian cooling, velocity, microrotational velocity, and rate of volume flow have decreasing tendency. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2018.
Influence of age on mating propensity in two sibling species, Drosophila ananassae and D. pallidosa
(National Institute of Science Communication, 2018) Singh, Roshni; Singh, Bashisth N.
Mating propensity in Drosophila is affected by a number of factors including age of flies. Here, we studied the age factor in two sibling species of Drosophila. We tested the effect of age on mating propensity of two sibling species (Drosophila ananassae and D. pallidosa) using five wild type strains of D. ananassae and three wild type strains of D. pallidosa. To determine the effect of age on mating propensity, five age groups were selected: 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days of each strain of D. ananassae and D. pallidosa. Fifteen pairs of flies were introduced into the Elens-Wattiaux mating chamber for direct observation for 60 min and in each strain, five replicates were run. Data were analyzed by one-way, two-way ANOVA and student’s t-test. Mating propensity of all the strains of both the sibling species vary significantly. All the strains of both the sibling species showed increase in the mating propensity with age (up to 12 days) and then it decreased as the age prolonged suggesting that 12 days aged flies are more eager to mate. Age wise variation was more pronounced than strain wise variation in D. ananassae. However, it was just opposite in the case of D. pallidosa. Mating propensity of D. ananassae was significantly higher as compared to D. pallidosa in each age group. © 2018, National Institute of Science Communication. All rights reserved.
Design, synthesis, characterization, and molecular modeling studies of novel oxadiazole derivatives of nipecotic acid as potential anticonvulsant and antidepressant agents
(Birkhauser Boston, 2018) Singh, Ravi Bhushan; Singh, Gireesh Kumar; Chaturvedi, Krishna; Kumar, Devendra; Singh, Sushil Kumar; Zaman, Md. Kamaruz
A series of fifteen novel nipecotic acid 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids were synthesized with the intent to improve the lipophilicity of nipecotic acid and its penetration through the blood—brain barrier (BBB). The structures of the compounds were established by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and elemental analysis. The effect of the synthesized compounds was assessed on motor coordination using the rotarod test in mice. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated using the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) test in mice. Five compounds (5d, 5e, 5g, 5m, and 5o) exhibited significant protection against scPTZ-induced seizures. None of the compounds produced any disruption in motor coordination as observed in the rota-rod test, nor did they elevate the serum levels of biochemical markers related to hepatic and renal toxicity, affirming their relative safety. The derivatives also exhibited significant antidepressant activity, devoid of serotonergic augmentation as assessed using the despair swim test, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitch test and learned helplessness test. In in silico docking studies on a homology model on target GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) protein and the most active compound 5e helped to identify critical enzyme-ligand interactions leading to the inhibition of the GAT1 transporter. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Coupled mode surface plasmon resonance sensor: in situ detection of humidity with starch biofilm
(Springer New York LLC, 2018) Yadav, Gulab Chand; Sharma, Gaurav; Singh, Vivek; Kumar, Manindra; Srivastava, Neelam; Kumar, Sushil; Gupta, Vinay
An environment friendly coupled mode surface plasmon resonance sensor structure with starch biofilm as sensing element for humidity detection of environment is fabricated and demonstrated. The surface plasmon resonances were created using PVC layer fabricated between silver and starch biofilm on a rectangular prism. The analyses of fabricated sensor have been done by both wavelength and angular interrogation methods. The proposed sensor has maximum sensitivity 0.45 nm/%RH in wavelength interrogation method and 0.09°/%RH in angular interrogation method. Here the variations in humidity of environment, changes the refractive index of starch biofilm and hence in the surface plasmon resonances. Also, the proposed sensor shows a linear variation in resonance wavelength and resonance angle with respect to the variation in humidity of environment. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Analytical Solution for Solute Transport Influenced by Spatially Dependent Dispersion Along Spatiotemporally Dependent Porous Media Flow
(Springer Heidelberg, 2018) Sanskrityayn, Abhishek; Bharati, Vinod Kumar
One-dimensional pollutant’s solute transport originating from the instantaneous source and the continuous point source is studied in aquifer through the analytical solutions of the advection–diffusion equation (ADE). Dispersion coefficient is considered spatially dependent, and flow velocity is considered spatially and temporally dependent. The solution is obtained in infinite domain using Green’s Function Method (GFM). To use this method, the variable coefficients of the ADE are reduced into constant coefficients through a pertinently developed coordinate transformation equation. The analytical solutions are validated through previously existing analytical solutions. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2018.
Signatures of photon-scalar interaction in astrophysical situations
(The Korean Physical Society, 2018) Ganguly, Avijit K.; Jaiswal, Manoj K.
Dimension-5 photon (γ) scalar (ϕ) interaction term usually appear in the Lagrangians of bosonic sector of unified theories of electromagnetism and gravity. This interaction makes the medium dichoric and induces optical activity. Considering a toy model of an ultra-cold magnetized compact star (white dwarf (WD) or neutron star (NS)), we have modeled the propagation of very low energy photons with such interaction, in the environment of these stars. Assuming synchro-curvature process as the dominant mechanism of emission in such environments, we have tried to understand the polarimetric implications of photon-scalar coupling on the produced spectrum of the same. Further more assuming the ‘emission-energy vs emission-altitude’ relation, that is believed to hold in such (i.e., cold magnetized WD or NS) environments, we have tried to point out the possible modifications to the radiation spectrum when the same is incorporated along with dimension-5 photon-scalar mixing operator. © 2018, The Korean Physical Society.
Tolerance of wetland rice field's cyanobacteria to agrochemicals in cultural condition
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Kaushik, Manish Singh; Dash, Nalinaxya Prasad; Kumar, Ajay; Abraham, Gerard; Singh, Pawan Kumar
The wetland rice fields are favorable for cyanobacterial growth, which play an important role in building soil fertility. Since agrochemicals are intensively being applied in rice fields to boost crop productivity, this study was undertaken to observe their effects on dominant N2-fixing cyanobacteria i.e. filamentous, heterocystous Nostoc linckia and unicellular Aphanothece pallida. These cyanobacteria were isolated from flooded rice fields and used to find out the effects of urea N-fertilizer, herbicide benthiocarb and insecticide metacid (in isolation and combinations) on their growth and N2-fixation ability. It was observed that N. linckia and A. pallida grew up to 25 days after inoculation (DAI) whereas acetylene reduction activity (ARA) increased up to 15 DAI in N-free medium without supplementation of agrochemicals in both cyanobacteria where N. linckia exhibited higher growth and ARA than A. pallida. Urea-N (30 ppm) was inhibitory for the growth of N. linckia whereas it stimulated the growth of A. pallida. Addition of benthiocarb (0.5 ppm) was found to have no significant impact on the growth of N. linckia but showed initial enhancement in the growth of A. pallida up to 10 DAI. Metacid supplementation at 0.25 ppm supported growth and ARA of both the cyanobacteria. It was also revealed that the use of urea-N, benthiocarb and metacid in combination reduced the growth and N2-fixation of N. linckia, however, these chemicals together were promotary for A. pallida. Overall, it was observed that combinations of these agrochemicals caused additive toxicity to heterocystous cyanobacterium whereas these were promotary to unicellular ones. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Training and Pruning for Improved Postharvest Fruit Quality
(Elsevier Inc., 2018) Sharma, Swati; Barman, Kalyan; Siddiqui, Mohammed Wasim; Nath, Vishal
The postharvest fruit quality depends on the maintenance and health of the fruit trees in orchard. The various preharvest operations, such as irrigation, training, pruning, fertilizer application, spray of various plant growth regulators, insecticides, and pesticides are the deciding factors that regulate the ultimate quality of the fruits during postharvest handling and storage. Training is done to achieve the desirable shape and form of the trees while pruning is mainly done to obtain quality fruit production. Training and pruning operations are essential in perennial fruit crops to optimize the light distribution, minimize the insect pest and diseases attack and for production of fruits of optimum quality. Training and pruning operations play a significant role in obtaining regular and prolific quality fruit production. The size, color, nutritional quality, and postharvest shelf life of fruits are all significantly affected by the training and pruning operations done during the preharvest stages in orchard. This chapter provides an insight into the basics of training and pruning systems and how they affect the postharvest fruit quality. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Aspiration of severed tracheal tube: An anesthesiologist's nightmare
(Medknow Publications, 2018) Kumar, Neeraj; Dube, Surya; Roy, Hirok; Singh, Gyaninder; Gupta, Bikram
[No abstract available]
A study on existence of solutions for fractional functional differential equations
(Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l., 2018) Gautam, Ganga Ram; Dabas, Jaydev
In this research article, we establish the existence results of mild solutions for semi-linear impulsive neutral fractional order integro-differential equations with state dependent delay subject to nonlocal initial condition by applying well known classical fixed point theorems. At last, we present an example of partial derivative to illuminate the results. © 2017, Universitat de Barcelona.
Role of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase and Maturation Promoting Factor During the Achievement of Meiotic Competency in Mammalian Oocytes
(Wiley-Liss Inc., 2018) Tiwari, Meenakshi; Gupta, Anumegha; Sharma, Alka; Prasad, Shilpa; Pandey, Ashutosh N.; Yadav, Pramod K.; Pandey, Ajai K.; Shrivastav, Tulsidas G.; Chaube, Shail K.
The oocyte quality remains as one of the major problems associated with poor in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate and assisted reproductive technology (ART) failure worldwide. The oocyte quality is dependent on its meiotic maturation that begins inside the follicular microenvironment and gets completed at the time of ovulation in most of the mammalian species. Follicular oocytes are arrested at diplotene stage of first meiotic prophase. The resumption of meiosis from diplotene arrest, progression through metaphase-I (M-I) and further arrest at metaphase-II (M-II) are important physiological requirements for the achievement of meiotic competency in mammalian oocytes. The achievement of meiotic competency is dependent upon cyclic stabilization/destabilization of maturation promoting factor (MPF). The mitogen-activated protein kinase3/1 (MAPK3/1) modulates stabilization/destabilization of MPF in oocyte by interacting either with signal molecules, transcription and post-transcription factors in cumulus cells or cytostatic factors (CSFs) in oocyte. MPF regulates meiotic cell cycle progression from diplotene arrest to M-II arrest and directly impacts oocyte quality. The MAPK3/1 activity is not reported during spontaneous meiotic resumption but its activity in cumulus cells is required for gonadotropin-induced oocyte meiotic resumption. Although high MAPK3/1 activity is required for the maintenance of M-II arrest in several mammalian species, its cross-talk with MPF remains to be elucidated. Further studies are required to find out the MAPK3/1 activity and its impact on MPF destabilization/stabilization during achievement of meiotic competency, an important period that decides oocyte quality and directly impacts ARTs outcome in several mammalian species including human. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 123–129, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correction to: Strategic crossing of biomass and harvest index—source and sink—achieves genetic gains in wheat (Euphytica, (2017), 213, 257, 10.1007/s10681-017-2040-z)
(Springer Netherlands, 2018) Reynolds, Matthew P.; Pask, Alistair J. D.; Hoppitt, William J. E.; Sonder, Kai; Sukumaran, Sivakumar; Molero, Gemma; Pierre, Carolina Saint; Payne, Thomas; Singh, Ravi P.; Braun, Hans J.; Gonzalez, Fernanda G.; Terrile, Ignacio I.; Barma, Naresh C. D.; Hakim, Abdul; He, Zhonghu; Fan, Zheru; Novoselovic, Dario; Maghraby, Maher; Gad, Khaled I. M.; Galal, ElHusseiny G.; Hagras, Adel; Mohamed, Mohamed M.; Morad, Abdul Fatah A.; Kumar, Uttam; Singh, Gyanendra P.; Naik, Rudra; Kalappanavar, Ishwar K.; Biradar, Suma; Sai Prasad, Sakuru V.; Chatrath, Ravish; Sharma, Indu; Panchabhai, Kishor; Sohu, Virinder S.; Mavi, Gurvinder S.; Mishra, Vinod K.; Balasubramaniam, Arun; Jalal-Kamali, Mohammad R.; Khodarahmi, Manoochehr; Dastfal, Manoochehr; Tabib-Ghaffari, Seyed M.; Jafarby, Jabbar; Nikzad, Ahmad R.; Moghaddam, Hossein Akbari; Ghojogh, Hassan; Mehraban, Asghar; Solís-Moya, Ernesto; Camacho-Casas, Miguel A.; Figueroa-López, Pedro; Ireta-Moreno, Javier; Alvarado-Padilla, Jorge I.; Borbón-Gracia, Alberto; Torres, Araceli; Quiche, Yei Nayeli; Upadhyay, Shesh R.; Pandey, Deepak; Imtiaz, Muhammad; Rehman, Monsif U.; Hussain, Manzoor; Hussain, Makhdoom; Ud-Din, Riaz; Qamar, Maqsood; Sohail, Muhammad; Mujahid, Muhammad Y.; Ahmad, Gulzar; Khan, Abdul J.; Sial, Mahboob A.; Mustatea, Pompiliu; von Well, Eben; Ncala, Moses; de Groot, Stephan; Hussein, Abdelraheem H. A.; Tahir, Izzat S. A.; Idris, Amani A. M.; Elamein, Hala M. M.; Manes, Yann; Joshi, Arun K.
The original article was corrected. Author Muhammad Kundi should instead read: Muhammad Sohail. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature.
Cadmium toxicity and its amelioration by kinetin in tomato seedlings vis-à-vis ascorbate-glutathione cycle
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Singh, Shikha; Singh, Anita; Srivastava, Prabhat Kumar; Prasad, Sheo Mohan
The supplementation of plant hormones may enhance the tolerance capacity of plants against certain environmental stresses by increasing their physiological functioning and detoxification capacity. To answer the question that whether a phytohormone ‘kinetin’ (KN, 6-furfuylaminopurine), one of the artificial cytokinins could ameliorate the cadmium induced toxicity in tomato seedlings, the effect of KN was assessed in differentially cadmium (Cd1: 3 mg kg− 1 sand and Cd2: 9 mg kg− 1 sand) intoxicated tomato seedlings by estimating the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS, viz. superoxide radical and H2O2 generation) and probable alteration in photosystem II photochemistry, ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and their metabolites. Accumulation of Cd in tomato seedlings increased the production of ROS by negatively impacting PS II photochemistry (decrease in Fv/Fm (ϕP0), Ψ0, ϕE0 and PIABS and increase in energy fluxes per reaction centre: ABS/RC, ET0/RC, TR0/RC and DI0/RC) manifested by lowered fresh mass despite the accelerated activity of AsA-GSH cycle enzymes (viz. ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione reductase, GR; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR and monodehydroascorbate reductase; MDHAR). Simultaneous application of kinetin (10 μM) alleviated the negative effects on the fresh mass and lowered the ROS level by positively affecting PS II photochemistry and further rise in AsA-GSH cycle enzymes and their metabolites. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

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